【作者】 张自富；

【导师】 昝林森； 王志刚；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 动物遗传育种与繁殖， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以中国部分地方黄牛早胜牛、安西牛、南阳牛、郏县红牛、枣北牛、恩施黄牛、黄陂黄牛、郧巴牛、湘西牛、平陆山地牛、秦巴牛和三个引入品种西门塔尔牛、夏洛来牛、德国黄牛为研究对象,采用世界粮农组织(FAO)和国际动物遗传学会(ISAG)联合推荐的12对微卫星DNA引物,以ABI3100-Avant全自动基因序列分析仪为平台,结合荧光-多重PCR技术,检测11个地方黄牛和3个引入品种,共计826个个体的基因型,并对标记后产物进行序列分析。通过计算遗传杂合度、多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、奈氏遗传距离和奈氏标准遗传距离,采用邻近结合法和非加权类平均法聚类等方法,分析中国地方黄牛群体内和群体间的遗传变异。结果如下:本试验中14个中外黄牛品种在12个微卫星位点上,除西门塔尔牛在ILSTS011位点上为低度多态(PIC=0.22)外,其余所有位点在14个品种中均表现为高度多态或中度多态。其中11个中国地方黄牛品种在所有位点均为高度多态或中度多态,说明11个中国地方黄牛品种遗传多样性较外来品种相对丰富,具有一定的选择潜力,应对它们给与保护,在保种过程中要避免遗传多样性的丢失。另外14个中外黄牛品种在12个微卫星位点上的平均杂合度最高为0.82,最低为0.50,其中11个中国地方黄牛品种在12个位点上明显比3个引入品种的杂合度要高出很多,表明遗传变异程度较高,但也反映了该品种的遗传一致性最差,同时也表明中国地方黄牛品种在未来保种过程中还可以进一步的纯繁选育,以提高该品种的遗传一致性;也进一步说明在以后的种质资源的保存过程中,在保存遗传多样性的同时,应注意提高品种的纯度。3个引入品种的平均杂合度较低,说明其遗传变异最小,也反映了该品种的遗传一致性最高。在12个微卫星座位中,共检测出1 71个等位基因,其中ETH10, ETH152和ILSTS005拥有的等位基因数最少为10个,ILSTS006拥有的等位基因数最多为20个,其余座位的复等位基因数在12~18个之间,平均每个微卫星位点为14.2个。其中郏县红牛的平均等位基因数最高,为9,而平均等位基因数最低出现在西门塔尔牛和德国黄牛这两个外来品种中,分别为5.8和5.1;在11个中国地方黄牛品种中安西牛的平均等位基因数较低,只有7,其他中国地方黄牛品种的平均等位基因数都在8个以上。14个黄牛品种在12个微卫星位点上拥有的有效等位基因数(Ne)非常丰富,介于1.10~11.1之间。其中有6个微卫星位点的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)数目超过4个,可以认为这些位点是最优势位点.。ETH225位点拥有的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)最多,平均达到6个;而ILSTS005位点拥有的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)最少,平均仅达到2个。并且11个中国地方黄牛品种在12个位点上明显比3个外来品种的有效等位基因数多。在11个中国地方黄牛品种中,一共发现有21个特有等位基因,每个品种都至少在某一微卫星位点上有一个特有等位基因,其中恩施黄牛拥有的特有等位基因数最多,达到4个;陨巴牛和湘西牛各有3个;黄陂黄牛、秦巴牛和安西牛各有2个。另外,11个中国地方黄牛品更多还原

【Abstract】 The genetic diversity of 11 Chinese indigenous cattle breeds and 3 foreign ones (Simental , Charolais and German Yellow ) was studied using 12 microsatellite DNA markers recommended by FAO and ISAG, and the ABI3100-Avant auto gene sequenator as the platform, combining the fluorescence multiplicitas PCR together. The genetic heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (PIC), effective numbers of allele, genetic distance among cattle breeds and dendrogram were computed to evalute the genetic variability within breeds and genetic relationships among breeds. The time of differentiation was counted either. The results were as follows:The 14 kinds of Cattle in this experiment at 12 microsatellite DNA loci have been detected,besides the Simmemtal showing low polymorphism (PIC=0.22) on the ILSTS011 site, others showing altitude polymorphism and midrange polymorphism in 14 different breeds. 11 Chinese local Cattle breeds have presented altitude polymorphism and midrange polymorphism on all sites. We can indicate that these Chinese local Cattle breeds have correspondence plentiful genetic diversity than Foreign ones. We should take protection on them, and avoid the loss of the genetic diversity in the process.The average heterozygosis of other 14 Foreign and local Cattle breeds is between 0.82(max) and 0.50(min). 11 Chinese local Cattle breeds have presented obviously higher Heterozygosis on 12 sites than those 3 introduced breeds, indicated that the high hereditary variation, but the short of the heredity concordance. In future breeds protection process we must take pure breeding on the Chinese local Cattle breeds to elevate the heredity concordance of this breed.We detected 171 alleles on 12 micro satellites sites, ETH10, ETH152 and ILSTS005 has at least 10 alleles, ILSTS006 has 20 at the most. Other sites have 12~18 multiple allele, and the average number of micro satellites are 14.2. The average allele numbers of the Jiaxian Red is the highest as 9, and the lowest are Simental and German Yellow as 5.8 and 5.1. The average allele numbers of Anxi Cattle was only 7, lower than the others over 8. 14 Cattle breeds have very plentiful utility allele numbers between 1.10 and 11.1 on 12 microsatellites. We can consider these sites as the most superiority sites those 6 microsatellites have more than 4 utility alleles. The ETH225 site has average 6 utility alleles as the maximum; And the ILSTS005 has average 2 utility alleles as the minimum.11 Chinese local Cattle have more utility alleles than those 3 Foreign breeds on 12 sites obviously.In 11 Chinese local Cattle breeds, altogether discovered 21 unique alleles. Every breeds has one unique allele on certain microsatellite at least. Enshi yellow has the most as 4;Yunba更多还原