【作者】 张钰娴；

【导师】 李凯荣；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在黄土丘陵区的南部,苹果产业已成为一大支柱产业。但由于经营管理粗放、水肥营养失调、病虫害防治不力等因素导致苹果产量低而不稳,大小年现象比较明显。针对果园施肥不当,树体营养失调和产量、品质下降等问题,本研究以延安柳林镇高坡村红富士苹果园为对象,分别进行了施有机肥试验、天然油菜素内酯试验以及两者复合试验。通过野外调查和室内测定,分析和探讨了土壤养分、果树生理和光合特征、生长发育与产量品质等方面的变化规律。同时运用DRIS营养诊断法揭示果园施肥现存的问题。研究取得了以下主要结论:1.天然油菜素内酯处理后脯氨酸含量增加了25.75%～61.09%,丙二醛含量减少了38.5%～94.31%, POD活性提高了38.5%～94.31%,净光合速率与水分利用率分别提高了2.95%～42.65%,24.8%～72.38%,蒸腾速率降低了51.43%～77.31%,叶片厚度和增加了20.69%～28.13%,1年生枝条长度缩短了16.76%～32.96%,坐果率提高了24.23%～46.73%,长果枝与中短果枝成花率分别提高了11.88%～24.41%,23.16%～31.25%,总糖和糖酸比分别提高了1.65%～5.56%,0.51%～16.09%,总酸度降低了11.54%～23.08%,单株产量增加了14.13%～22.30%。2.有机肥处理后脯氨酸含量增加了1.46%～8.27%,丙二醛含量减少了0.27%～6%,SOD活性与POD活性分别提高了1.46%～8.27%,3.38%～20.96%,净光合速率与水分利用率分别提高了1.09～43.60%,25.66～27.54%,蒸腾速率与气孔传导度分别降低了9.13%～27.11%,8.50%～34.52%,叶片厚度增加了23.08%～35.48%,坐果率提高了31.49%～44.83%,总糖与糖酸比分别提高了6.54%～25.23%,3.62%～5.89%,总酸度降低了3.85%～15.38%,单株产量增加了21.27%～27.78%。DRIS营养诊断表明,对照果园土壤中N、P、Zn、Ca营养元素较缺乏,Mn元素含量充足。施用有机肥处理后可以促进土壤中N、P、Zn、Ca、Cu、Fe元素含量的积累。3.天然油菜素内酯与有机肥处理后脯氨酸含量提高了9.39%～35.68%,丙二醛含量降低了16.95%～44.76%,SOD活性提高了9.21%～35.68%,POD活性提高了11.27%～44.76%,净光合速率与水分利用率分别提高了8.69%～37.90%,5.14%～42.40%,蒸腾速率与气孔传导度分别降低了8.90%～33.40%,8.47%～48.14%,叶片厚度增加了8%～28.13%,1年生枝条长度缩短了22.46%～58.82%,坐果率提高了29.56%～50.04%,总糖与糖酸比分别提高了5.45%～26.24%,39.29%～62.87%,总酸度降低了17.69%～更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently apple industries develop rapidly and have become one of mainstay industries growth in hilly regions on the Loess Plateau. But orchards yield is low and unsteady,owing to extensive management, maladjusted water and fertilization,deficient controll of plant diseases and insect pests. Aiming at phenomenon that improper orchards’fertilization leaded to nutritional maladjustment of trees’body and decline of yield and quality, the different concentrations of natural brassinolide,different amount of organic manure,or both compound was applied in the orchard in Gaopo village, Liulin town, Yan’an areas. Effect of natural brassinolide, organic manure on Fuji apples’yield and quality were studied through field investigation and indoor measurement, effect of the treatments on soil physics-chemistry character, resistive drought physiology and photosynthesis, growth, yield and quality were analyzed. Some problems of fertilization in Orchards were discovered by DRIS method. The results are as follows:1. After apple trees were sprayed with NBR, proline contents and the activities of peroxidase were enhanced 25.75%～61.09%, 38.5%～94.31% respectively and MDA contents were decreased distinctly 38.5%～94.31%. The net photosynthetic rate was increased 2.95%~42.65% and the water use efficiently was improved 24.8%～72.38%. The transpiration rate was decreased 51.43%~77.31%. Leaves’thickness was increased 20.69%～28.13% and 1 year growth of branch was decreased 16.76%～32.96%.The rate of fruit and flower on long and short branch was enhanced 24.23%～46.73%, 11.88%～24.41%,23.16%～31.25% respectively. General sugar and the rate of General sugar and acidity was improved 1.65%～5.56%, 0.51%～16.09% respectively. General acidity was decreased 11.54%～23.08%. yeild of single tree was increased 14.13%～22.30%.2. Apples’capabilities of resisting drought and adversity were enhanced by organic manure application. Proline contents were increased remarkably 1.46%～8.27% and MDA contents were decreased distinctly 0.27%～6%. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were enhanced 1.46%～8.27% and 3.38%～20.96% respectively, the net photosynthetic rate and the water use efficiently were improved 1.09～43.60% and 25.66～27.54% obviously respectively. The transpiration rate and the stomatal conductance were更多还原