【作者】 孙大明；

【导师】 丁凌华；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 法律史， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在司法实践中,对事实的认定始终处于重要地位。在事实认定过程中经常会涉及专门性问题的辨认、识别和判断。由此便逐步产生了司法鉴定活动,并形成了司法鉴定制度。司法鉴定制度则是包含鉴定人制度、鉴定程序制度、鉴定结论的质证制度、鉴定管理制度等在内的制度体系。司法鉴定制度是司法制度的重要组成部分。与诉讼制度尤其是证据制度密切相关。以往史学家们对古代司法鉴定的研究主要侧重于鉴定科技层面,较少有专门研究司法鉴定制度的。我国古代司法鉴定活动历史久远,甚至在相当长时间内在国际上占据领先地位。先进的鉴定科技背后一定有相对成熟的鉴定制度作为保障。我国当前正面临司法鉴定制度改革的重要转折,各种学说和观点众说纷纭,研究历史上司法鉴定制度的源与流,兴与衰,有助于我们认清现状,正确认识司法鉴定的本质及其制度特征,更好地为社会主义法制建设服务。本文以历史朝代为总线,从司法鉴定的法律依据,鉴定人制度、鉴定程序制度、司法鉴定标准,鉴定证据制度等方面对我国古代司法鉴定制度发展演变过程作初步探讨。本文除结语外分成四个部分,第一部分介绍战国至秦代,我国古代司法鉴定制度萌芽的表现;第二部分介绍汉唐时期(以唐代为重点),我国古代司法鉴定制度的初步形成;第三部分介绍宋元时期,我国古代司法鉴定制度成熟阶段的表现;第四部分介绍明清时期,我国古代司法鉴定制度的进一步发展,并出现了近代司法鉴定制度的某些萌芽表现。结语部分,对我国古代司法鉴定制度的总体特征进行总结。提出我国古代司法鉴定制度具备以下几方面的特征,一、司法鉴定受到历代统治者的高度重视,鉴定制度曾经一度领先于世界。二、司法鉴定内容、鉴定标准直接写入法律。呈现法令化的特点。三、司法鉴定人员身份官吏化,分工不合理。四、司法鉴定人员责任刑事化。鉴定人员的法律责任表现为严格的刑事责任。不利于鉴定人正常开展鉴定工作。五、司法鉴定活动诉讼化。鉴定活动与诉讼活动,鉴定程序与诉讼程序相互交织、混合。此特点在司法鉴定活动开展早期有利于鉴定制度的及时、高效运作。但随着司法活动的日益复杂化,鉴定涉及疑难问题日益专门化,原有的鉴定制度已不能适应形势的需要。文章最后结合我国当前正在进行的司法鉴定制度改革提出个人设想。建议应当建立独立、中立的司法鉴定人和司法鉴定机构制度,公开、公正的司法鉴定程序制度,公平的鉴定结论审查质证制度。政府部门和司法官员应当逐渐退出司法鉴定实务领域。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the judicial practice, to the fact recognized is at the important position throughout. In the process of affirming the facts people can involve special the question frequently to identify, the recognition and the judgment. From this has then had expert evidence gradually, and has formed the expert evidence system. The expert evidence system then is contains the expert system, the appraisal procedure system, the written questioning witnesses system, the appraisal control system and so on the institutional framework. The expert evidence system is the legal system important constituent. With lawsuit system in particular evidence system close correlation. The former historians mainly stressed to the ancient times expert evidence research on the appraisal science and technology, had not the special research on expert evidence system. Our country ancient times the expert evidence history was remote, even intrinsic on international occupied the leading status in the quite a long time. Behind the advanced appraisal science and technology certainly has the relatively mature appraisal system to take the safeguard. Our country is facing the expert evidence system reform presently the important transition, each theory and the viewpoint have wide divided opinions. Textual researching and discussing on Chinese historical system of expert evidence is helpful in the people clearly recognizes the present situation, correctly understood the expert evidence the essence and its the system characteristic, serve well for the socialist legal system construction.This article take the historical dynasty as a main line, from the expert evidence legal basis, the expert system, the appraisal procedure system, the expert evidence standard, appraises aspect and so on evidence system makes the preliminary discussion to our country expert evidence system development successional variation process.This article includes four parts besides the conclusion. The first part of introduction Warring Kingdoms to Qin Dynasty, the performance which our country ancient times the expert evidence system germinates; The second part introduces the Han-Tang Dynasty (key take the Tang Dynasty as), our country ancient times expert evidence system had been preliminary formation; The third part introduced a Song and Yuan Dynasties, our country ancient times the expert evidence system mature stage performance; The fourth part introduced the Ming and Qing Dynasties time, our country ancient times the expert evidence system further developments, and appeared the modern expert evidence system certain seed performance.Finally ,the article unifies our country the expert evidence system reform which carries on presently to propose individual tentative plan.更多还原