高中生化学开放性问题解决的研究

【作者】 王芳；

【导师】 吴星；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 “问题解决”是人类一种重要的认知活动,开展“化学问题解决”的研究是化学素质教育的一个重要方面,也是当前我国化学课程改革中需要认真探讨的重要问题。化学开放性问题是一类探究性很强的问题,有别于传统的封闭性问题,对于培养学生优良的思维品质以及独立解决实际问题的能力具有特别重要的作用。探讨学生对于化学开放性问题的解决是化学教育的迫切要求。本文以现代认知心理学和信息加工心理学基本理论为指导,结合开放性问题的基本类型和特点,作者设计了高中生化学开放性问题调查测试问卷和开放性化学问题测试材料,采用团体测试和个案研究相结合,综合运用问卷测量、口语报告等方法对高中学生对化学开放性问题的解决进行了初步研究。结果表明:1.高中学生在解决化学开放性问题时受多种因素的影响。其中,完备的知识结构是解决化学开放性问题的重要基础、优良的思维品质是解决化学开放性问题的关键要素、较高的信息素养和迁移能力是有效解决化学开放性问题的重要保障。2.高中学生解决化学开放性问题的策略较为单一。模式识别策略是他们解决问题时的常用策略,但使用时往往容易引起负迁移;分析递归策略是他们解决陌生问题的有效策略,但使用时常常盲目搜索问题空间,耗时较多。3.在化学教学中为了提高学生解决化学开放性问题的能力,可采取的教学策略主要有以下三个方面:(1)帮助学生建构知识网络;(2)培养学生优良的化学思维品质;(3)注重策略性知识的教学。更多还原

【Abstract】 “Problem solving”is an important kind of human’s cognitive activity. To develop the teaching research of "chemical problem solving" is a chemistry education for all-around development important aspect, also is the important question which the current our country chemistry curriculum reforms needs earnestly to discuss. The chemical open-ended question has strong inquisition into the natural, different from the traditional closed question. It has the specially vital role in raising the student’s fine thought quality as well as the independent solution actual problem ability. Discussing the student’s solution of chemical open-ended question is the chemistry education’s urgent need.Under the directing of the basics in the Cognitive psychology and Information Processing psychology, joining open-ended question’s basic type and the characteristic, the author designed the chemistry open-ended question investigation test for senior students and the open-ended chemistry question test material. With the motheds of questionnaire measurement and verbal protocol by group test and case study respectively, the author conducted the preliminary study on the solution to chemiscal open-ended question for high school students. The results show:First, many kinds of factors influence solution to chemical open-ended question for high school students. Among them, the complete knowledge structure is the important foundation and the fine thought quality is the essential factor for solving the chemical open-ended question, the higher information accomplishment and the migration ability is the important safeguard for effective addressing chemical open-ended question.Second, the high school students’strategy to solve chemical open-ended question is unitary. The pattern recognition strategy is they solves time the question commonly used strategy, when uses is often easy to cause the negative migration; The analysis recursion strategy is they solves the strange question effective strategy, when uses frequently the blind acquisition question space, consumes when are more.Third, in chemistry teaching in order to enhance the student to solve chemical open-ended question ability, may adopt the teaching strategy mainly has following three aspects:(1) to help students to construct the construction knowledge network;(2) to raise students’fine chemistry thought quality;(3) to pay attenion to strategical knowledge teaching.更多还原