罗尔斯《正义论》思想的研究与批判

【作者】 彭燕；

【导师】 陈晓明；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 教育学原理， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在当代西方社会科学舞台上,罗尔斯无疑是一位具有独特思想性格的哲学家、伦理学家,自20世纪70年代伊始发表《正义论》以来,就一直充当着哈佛和美国乃至整个西方政治哲学和社会伦理学的“领衔主演”。《正义论》以社会基本结构为研究对象,以“公平的正义”为旨归,提出两个正义原则,旨在为现代西方民主社会提供一种指导社会基本结构设计的根本道德原则(正义原则)。全书的核心是两个正义原则,第一个原则是平等自由原则,第二个原则是机会的公平平等原则与差别原则的结合。两个原则的要义是平等的分配各种基本权利与义务,以及社会合作所产生的利益与负担,即使有不平等的分配也要在照顾最少受惠者的前提下,体现了一种平等主义倾向。全书大部分篇幅是对两个正义原则的论证,体系庞大,论证建立在契约论基础上,通过预设“原初状态”、“无知之幕”等前提条件,使人们在不知道任何有关个个人和社会的特殊信息的境况下进行选择,达成契约,从而保证了选择的公平性。罗尔斯通过论证认为,在此种条件下,人们会选择他提出的两个正义原则。《正义论》自发表以来,受到西方各种思想流派的极大关注,也受到各种批驳。桑德尔作为社群主义的代表对《正义论》思想进行了有力的批判。他从正义的环境入手,对正义的优先性提出质疑,认为“正当优先于善”或“独立于善”的立论在公共社会中是不可能达到的,因为在公共生活中,任何个人都不能脱离一定的社会共同体而存在,个人的认同和属性正是由他身处其中的社会所规定的。此外他对正义理论的前提——契约论也提出质疑,认为在罗尔斯设计的“原初状态”中,“无知之幕”之后,人们将失去多样性,契约的选择与达成最终将变为一种认知。从马克思主义的视角看《正义论》思想,首先两者在方法论上是不同的,马克思看待社会问题是基于具体的、现实物质生产活动,包括正义问题,而罗尔斯的正义理论是建立在假然的契约论、抽象的人性论基础上的。在分配正义方面,马克思看到了分配正义背后的根源是生产资料的分配,这是决定分配是否公正的基础,而罗尔斯脱离了生产讨论分配,是具有片面性的。此外,从社会生产方式和阶级利益来看,马克思看到了资本主义社会的非正义,指出正义的实现只有在共同占有生产资料、实行按需分配的共产主义阶段。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the stage of contemporary western social sciences, Rawls is no doubt a political and moral philosopher with a special thought character. Since the beginning of 70’s of last century he published“A Theory of Justice”, Rawls acts the leading role in Harvard and American and even the whole western politics philosophy and social ethics.“A Theory of Justice”deals with the basic structure of the society, takes“the fair justice”as the purpose and advances two justice principles which are for the purpose of providing a kind of basic moral principle to guide the basic structure of society for the modern western democratic society.The core of the whole book is two justice principles: the first one is equal free principle, and the second one is the combining of fair equality of opportunity and difference principle. The two principles essential meanings are to distribute all kinds of basic right and duty equally, and to assign the benefit and burden produced by social cooperation fairly, even if there is unequal assignment it would consider the least blessed people first. This manifests a kind of egalitarianism tendency. Most of the book discusses the two justice principles. On a base of contract theory, it presupposes“original position”and“veil of ignorance”to make people choose fairly to enter into a contract without any special information of individual and society. Through verification Rawls insisted that people would choose the two justice principles under this presupposition.“A Theory of Justice”has attracted great attention of many kinds of divergent western schools of thought since it was published. And it also received various veto. As a representative of Communitarianism, Sander carried on a powerful critique on“A Theory of Justice”. From the environment of justice, he questioned the priority of justice. He maintained the argument that“justice has priority over good”or“justice is independent of good”is impossible to realize in the public society, because any individual in the public life cannot exist without a certain social community and individual recognition and attributes are prescribed by the society around him. In addition he contested the contract theory and maintained that in“original position”and after“veil of ignorance”people would lose the multiplicity, and choosing and entering into contact would finally become one certain cognition.To examine the thought in“A Theory of Justice”, Marx’s point of view is different from Rawls’ firstly in methodology. Marx regards the social questions based on concrete and realistic material production activity, including justice problem. But Rawls’ theory based on presupposing contract theory and abstracting human nature. In the justice of assignment, Marx saw that the root cause of assignment justice is the assignment of production means and the assignment is fair or not depends on it. So it is one-sidedness that Rawls discussed assignment apart from production. What’s more, seeing from the means of social production and the profit of stage, Marx saw the unjust aspect of更多还原