袁中道研究

【作者】 张汉平；

【导师】 董国炎；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 本文的研究对象是晚明“公安三袁”之一的袁中道。“公安三袁”作为一个曾经有重要影响的文学流派——公安派的主体,其文学观点、诗文风格、交往群体等方面有许多共同点,因而长期以来人们对公安派的研究大多只是以其中最有代表性的袁宏道作为关注点,而实际上“三袁”中的袁中道除了在许多方面与袁宏道有相似之处外,还有其自身许多独特的地方。本文就是侧重较为全面地研究袁中道,以期对这个以往关注不够的晚明著名文人作一个比较客观而准确的考察和评价。本论文可分四个部分:第一部分,主要是较为系统地研究袁中道的生平和思想状况,尤其是浓厚的佛禅思想。中道的佛学思想贯穿在他的文学作品中,通过分析对比我们可以看到中道的佛学思想有多个发展阶段:由最初的学禅转向学净土宗,从“真参实究”又转向修习《华严经》,在后期还出现了随缘禅的思想倾向。这些变化的背后,反映了中道家族的学佛传统和亲友的有意识引导,同时也跟亲友多故等客观的因素有关。中道由于科举上的连连失利,所以也接受了一部分道家思想,表现在以南朝著名道士陶弘景为精神偶像,崇尚居山避世、优游山水的生活方式,处世思想则主要体现为道家的“退藏”保身哲学。儒、释、道三家的思想在中道头脑中既各自独立,又有一定的综合交融,其结果就集中表现为中道的“三教合一”思想。第二部分,探讨袁中道的文学理论。中道的文学观具有阶段性,其演变的过程可以概括为:早期主张“独抒胸臆”,随后过渡到“宁俚勿套”,后期转向尚“含蓄蕴藉”。在其诗文观的建构上,中道形成了独特的以“变”为基础的诗文发展观,以独特的“精光”论为核心的诗文理论系统,并与其二兄宏道的“性灵”论相互呼应。在诗歌的宗尚和学习方面,中道也提出了“宗唐”和“学唐”论,对明代前后七子及公安派在学习唐诗方面作出了深刻的总结。第三部分,具体考察袁中道的《珂雪斋集》,对于中道的创作进行较为全面的分析。中道的诗歌可分为前后期,前期以清新晓畅为主,后期有意识地转向锤炼字句,并努力使诗的意境变得含蓄深沉,但贯穿前后期的主导风格仍是清新率真,注重表现个人真性情。同时,对于中道诗歌中凡事皆可入诗、以诗为戏、伤于俚易轻率的问题,本文也作出了辩证的分析;中道的散文成就比诗歌更高,尤其是其中的“三记”(传记、游记、日记),风格各异:传记——简繁有序,极注重细节刻画,游记——富有生活气息,语言优美而有风致,日记——随意挥洒,简约而有韵致。应该说,袁中道的诗文成就决不能忽视,尤其是文章部分,值得后人学习借鉴的地方很多。第四部分,从交游的角度考察中道与师友的关系,特别是——精神上的导师李贽,以及在文学上、思想上给他重大影响的两位兄长袁宗道、袁宏道,从中探讨他们的交往对中道产生的影响。另外还从最为重要的亲密朋友中选择两个公安派作家——丘长孺和黄辉,分别从“性情”和“性命”的角度来看待他们交往的基础和重要事件。中道还与在京的朝官和地方的文人群体举行多次大规模的文学集会,这种群体性的文学活动和交流,有助于宣传公安派的文学理论,有助于了解其他文学派别的文学观点和作品风格,也有助于中道更客观地看待公安派的诗文理论和作品。和僧人群体的交往则是中道学佛修行的一种形式,同时也使中道的佛学思想表现得更为浓重。本文力图通过研究袁中道来考察整个公安派,同时又把袁中道的研究,放在整个公安派研究的框架之内,借此来考察袁中道在整个公安派群体中的地位。这将有助于我们更全面地认识袁中道,也有助于今后对公安派的进一步研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research object of this dissertation is Yuan Zhongdao, who is one of“Gong’an Sanyuans”in Late Ming Dynasty.As the main body of Group of Gong’an that ever had important literary effect ,“Gong’an Sanyuans”had much common ground on literary viewpoints, the style of poems and essays, the colony that affiliated with, and so on. Therefore it is a long time that people only study Yuan Hongdao who is the most representational among them as their attention when they research Group of Gong’an, but Yuan Zhongdao has many his own particularities except for that much common ground alike Yuan Hongdao.This dissertation emphasizes particularly on the study of Yuan Zhongdao who is not enough concerned with, in order to give a more impersonal and veracious review and critique.This dissertation has four sections:Section one, more systemicly investigates Yuan Zhongdao’s ideology status, especially his dense Buddhistic and zen thoughts. Zhongdao’s Buddhism idea runs through his literary works. We can make out many phases by analysis and comparability from zen to Pure Land Sect, from“real reference and true investigation”to practices of Huanyuan Scripture. In late period, the tendency of zen of predestined relationship also comes forth.. Behind of these changes, reflects the Zhongdao’s relative’s conscious induction. It also relates to the fact that many Zhongdao’s relatives and close friends died not very old. Because Zhongdao failed again and again in imperial examinations ,he accepted some Tao ideology, which admired Tao Hongjing as his spiritual idol, advocate living in the mountains to escape reality, enjoy the life style of traveling mountains and rivers, and idea of dealing with social life embodied the philosophy of“receding and hiding”of Tao. Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism are separated from each other among Zhongdao’s ideology but also synthesis each other to some degree. The result of integration is“Three Religion Syncretism”of Zhongdao.Section two, probes into the literary theoretics of Yuan Zhongdao. The viewpoint of Zhongdao has phases. the process of evolvement can be recapitulated as following: from affirmation of“express yourself”in early time to the transition of“rather be vulgar than be pattered”, and then change to advocate“connotation and be latent”. In the construction of Zhongdao’s poems and essays, he regards“change”as the base of development for viewpoint of poem and essay to form his own theoretics of poem and essay with core of“Jingguang”theory, which echoes the theory of“Xingling”of Zhongdao’s eld brother, Yuan Hongdao. In the aspect of upholding and learning poem, Yuan Zhongdao also brought forward the theory of“uphold Tang Poem”and“learn from Tang Poem”. He summarized deeply on the learning of Tang Poem for the Former and Latter Seven Poets and Group of Gong’an.Section three, researches Zhongdao’s collection of poems and essays Kexuezhai Ji detailedly and analyses more comprehensively all of his works.The poesy of Zhongdao can be divided into two periods: the former period and the latter one. The poesy style of former period gives priority to fresh and smooth. The latter style is changed to hammer-harden words and sentences and tries to make the poems contain artistic conception deeply. But the leading style that impenetrates the former and latter is still fresh and frank, paying attention to express personal true temperament. At the same time, there are many disadvantages in Kexuezhai Ji: everything be easily written into poems, playing with poems, poems is ruined by vulgar and imprudent words, and so on. All of these problems the dissertation makes dialectic analysis. Zhongdao’s achievement on essay is bigger than poesy. Particularly“three records”(biography, itinerary, diary) among the essays, their styles are different from each other: biography—they are highly careful portraying minutia; itinerary—they are full of tang of living; their language is elegant and delicate; diary—Zhongdao splashed the words at will, briefly and charmingly. Frankly speaking, Zhongdao’s achievement on poesy and essay can’t be undervalued and ignored by no means, especially the part of essay deserves studying and using for reference in many aspects.Section four, studies Zhongdao’s tutor and friends by researching his personal intercourse, including his spiritual tutor—LiZhi, his tow eld brothers—Yuan Zongdao and Yuang Hongdao who impacted great literal and spiritual influence on him. What’s more, the dissertation choose two important and close friend among Gong’an Group—QiuChangru and HuangHui. And the dissertation studies their base of intercourse and important occurrence from“personal disposition”and“culture of Buddhism”. Zhongdao also held many massive literary assemblies with central government officials and provincial literators. This kind of mass literary exchange and activities helps to propagandize the literary theoretics of Gong’an Group, helps to know other different literary opinions and writing styles from other literary factions, helps to impersonally think of the works and theoretics of poesy and essay of Gong’an Group. Intercourse with shaman colony is just a way of Buddhism learning and practice, which makes Zhongdao’s Buddhistical ideology much stronger.The dissertation tries to see about the whole Gong’an Group by researching Yuan Zhongdao. At the same time, we study Yuan Zhongdao within the entire research frame of Gong’an Group, and to locate Zhongdao’s status in Gong’an Group. This must help to know Yuan Zhongdao roundly and further the study of Gong’an Group.更多还原