【作者】 郭剑文；

【导师】 赵惠燕；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 种植， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 在食用菌产业发展中,平菇生产周期性短,效益显著,其产值仅次于粮、棉、油、果、菜,是我国国民经济中一项重要的朝阳产业。然而,在平菇的地区性产业发展中由于种种因素导致了平菇的病虫害大范围的蔓延,从而严重影响了平菇的产量和质量,给农民造成较大经济损失。同时,传统害虫防治以化学防治为主,不仅影响平菇的外观形状,导致农药残留和环境污染,而且也不能持续稳定地控制害虫种群数量。 为提高平菇害虫综合治理的效率,探索栽培过程中节肢动物的群落特点是综合治理的基础研究。本文以生料栽培平菇为研究对象,系统调查和分析了该菌上节肢动物的群落特点,以期为平菇有害生物综合治理提供理论依据。研究得出以下结论: 1 平菇上的节肢动物群落有13个属32个种。食菌类节肢动物亚群落在整个昆虫群落中是优势种,其丰富度是0.8948,天敌亚群落的丰富度是0.1055。群落优势集中度、优势度的大小排列为:食菌类节肢动物亚群落>中型亚群落>天敌亚群落。群落多样性指数的大小排列为:天敌亚群落>中性亚群落>食菌类节肢动物亚群落。 2 总群落和各亚群落的结构动态随时间变化而变化。总群落的物种数量随时间变化呈波动状态,而个体数呈单峰曲线,多样性指数随时间变化呈马鞍形变化。食菌类节肢动物亚群落物种数和个体数以及多样性指数变化规律同总群落基本一致,表明食菌类亚群落对总群落结构动念影响最大。而天敌亚群落与总群落和食菌类亚群落基本一致,个体数与食菌类亚群落个体数有显著的跟随效应。 3 对平菇上的节肢动物总群落进行最优分割,划出从4月份至11月份平菇在大棚栽培期间,分为三个阶段最优阶段(既出菇高峰期,此期不宜使用农药);由于平菇节肢动物群落变化的规律和生产与食用特点,所以在有害生物综合治理中,利用天敌的跟随效应,以预防为主,充分利用自然控制的力量,尽量不使用化学农药,只有在初期时,采用部分农药处理原材料来进行防治;在害虫为害高峰即优势种达到经济危害水平时,采用栽培的、物理和生物防治方法,如在高峰到来前菇床撒施硫磺驱虫、助迁天敌、选用性引诱剂、灯光等综合防治方法来进行害虫综合治理。更多还原

【Abstract】 The pleurotus ostreatus is one of important industries in national economy, being known as higher nutrition, remarkable benefit, which production is lower than the cotton and kapok, the oil, the fruit, the vegetable and the period of output is short. However, during pleurotus ostreatus development in local industry, spreading pests led by various factors had a bad effect on its output and quality, which caused the large economical losses to the peasants.At the meantime, traditional pest management based on chemical control not only affected its appearance causing pesticide residue and the environmental pollution, but also can’t control pest’s quantity stably, continually. Therefore, this research will provide important theories and practical value for IPM of pleurotus ostreatus .In order to improve IPM efficiency of pleurotus ostreatus, the traits of Arthropod community is the basical research .This paper pleurotus ostreatus, investigated and analyzed its traits, providing the theory basis for IPM of pleurotus ostreatus. The result as follows:(1) In this study, the arthropod total community was divided into three sub-communities: natural enemies’ sub-community and mushroom Pests arthropod sub-community. Components of the communities were analyzed by a number of groups, individual numbers and some other ecological indexes and so on. Arthropods belonged to 13 species of 32 families, mushroom Pests arthropod sub-community was prominent to total community, its relative abundance was 0.8948 and that of natural enemies’ sub-community was 0.1055.Dominant concentration, dominance and the diversities indexes of every community was compared and the orders of dominant concentration and dominance as follows: mushroom Pests arthropod sub-community >total community >natural enemies’ community;diversity index was on the other way round: natural enemies’ community>total community> mushroom Pests arthropodsub-community(2) The dynamics of the total community’s structure fluctuated from time to time. The individual numbers changed with a single peak while the tendency of multiple index showed the state- saddle .The regulations of the sub-communities were consistent with those of the total community including the individual numbers and the number of group which indicated that it had the largest effect on the total communites.But there were obvious differences between the enemies’ community and the total community, mushroom pests sub-community whose changes (the numbers of species and the individual numbers ) took on the shape -mountain .At the meanwhile the time of three peaks are rightly the period of the mushroom high peak-production .(3) Cluster analysis and the optimization cut apart on pleurotus ostreatus arthropod total community, the result as follows: the community of pleurotus ostreatus in greenhouse was correctly divided into three optimization stages (no necessary pesticides) according to the fruiting period from April to November by various indexes. Thinking of the regulation of the total community and the productive and edible characters of mushroom, prevent first should play a main role of IPM and make good use of the natural enemies controlling except that a few chemicals treated with the raw materials at the beginning stage. When the number of pests reached the top, the planted, physical and economic method should be used to integrated pests management, such as before the top, the net prevent the pests from entering before the indoor and outdoor, natural enemies’ conservation, Sex-attractant, lights ect.更多还原