【作者】 丁玉萍；

【导师】 崔兆杰；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 环境科学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 植物中的生物活性物质如脂肪酸、多糖等已被证明有多方面的生理功能，研究其生物活性物质的提取法和应用法对开发利用植物资源具有重大意义。山东省海带资源丰富，特别是山东半岛的海带养殖业尤为发达，其生物活性物质的开发应用还处于初级阶段，利用效率和效益不高，脂肪酸和多糖的提取还未形成产业化。因此，开展本研究具有重要的应用价值。 本文在全面综述脂肪酸和多糖提取与分析研究进展的基础上，选用山东半岛养殖海带为研究对象，研究了不同因素和不同提取方法对海带脂肪酸和多糖这两种活性物质提取效果的影响。具体研究内容和结果分为以下几个部分： (1) 通过比较石油醚、乙醚和Dyer作为萃取溶剂，系统研究了海带总脂肪酸的提取方法，建立了利用Dyer作萃取溶剂的海带总脂肪酸的高效提取方法，总脂肪酸的得率可达7.20％，且提取物中脂肪酸种类也较多。 (2) 通过系统研究和优化超临界流体萃取的压力、萃取温度、改性剂以及萃取时间等因素，建立了超临界二氧化碳超临界流体萃取技术提取海带总脂肪油的环境友好提取方法，其脂肪油的得率可达7.80％。 (3) 通过研究海带不同部位脂肪酸的含量和组成，剖析了各种脂肪酸在植物不同生长部位的分布情况。饱和脂肪酸相对百分含量依次为尖部＞基部＞中部，单不饱和脂肪酸相对百分含量依次为中部＞尖部＞基部，多不饱和脂肪酸相对百分含量依次为基部＞中部＞尖部，各部位脂肪都以C18系列脂肪酸为主要成分(相对百分含量53.63～65.31％)。 (4) 通过分析山东半岛四个不同海洋环境中的海带总脂肪油含量和脂肪酸组成，研究了不同海洋环境对海带脂肪酸含量的影响。长岛海带总脂肪油含量最高，7.67％，日照最低，7.00％，不同海洋环境中的海带脂肪酸组成各不相同；海带经过高压水煮、常压水煮或微波水煮处理可以提高脂肪油的含量，而其中的脂肪酸组成变化不明显。 (5) 通过研究海带多糖水浸提方法，优化了提取次数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取液pH值以及原料粒度等因素：提取2次基本可以满足提取率，更多还原

【Abstract】 Active components in plants such as fatty acids and polysaccharides have various physiological functions, which are important in exploiting and developing plant resources. Laminaria joapnica (kelp) is the main seaweed in Shandong Province, especially in the eastern part of the province. In this article, we review the extraction of kelp fatty acids and polysaccharides and report the results of investigation of different parameters which influence the extraction efficiency of these two important components.1) Total lipids were extracted from kelp using ether, petroleum ether and Dyer. Among the three different organic solvents, the results showed that: Dyer solvent extraction was the most effective method to extract total lipids, with an efficiency of 7.20% (the mass ratio of lipid to kelp), and it was able to extract most of the fatty acids. Petroleum ether was the least effective method, with an efficiency of only 5.17%. Total lipids were also extracted from kelp by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The factors that affected the extraction of fatty acids included extraction pressure, temperature, modifier and time, and the constituents of the fatty acids were determined by GC-MS after saponification and esterification. Elevating the extraction pressure improved the yield of the total lipids as well as MUFA and PUFA. High extraction temperature gave lower lipid yield, and the optimum extraction temperature was determined to be 30-40℃. Using an SFE modifier could improve the yield of the total lipids. Ethanol was the best modifier with an efficiency of 7.80%, while acetone had the lowest efficiency (5.90%). The optimum static and dynamic extraction times were 30 min and 120 min, respectively. Compared with the lipid extracted by traditional organic solvents, the quality of the lipids extracted by SFE was significantly better.2) Fatty acids from different parts of kelp were analyzed and different parts had different fatty acid compositions. The SFA content decreased in the order top part>basal part>middle part, while for MUFA, middle part>top part>basal part, and for PUFA, basal part>middle part>top part. C18 fatty acids were the main fatty acids (53.63-65.31%). We investigated the content of total lipids and fatty acid composition of kelp from different coastal zones of sea around Shandong Province by using the Dyer extraction method. Kelp from Changdao had the most lipid (7.67%), while kelp from Rizhao had least lipid (7.00%). Kelp from different zones had different fatty acid compositions; the更多还原