香港宪政秩序初探

【作者】 张晓明；

【导师】 肖金明；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 立宪主义的理论与实践被认为是西方国家所取得的最大政治成就。在过去的20世纪中，宪政秩序的构建已成为世界之大趋势，时代之主潮流，成为现代国家政治发展的最高目标。利益追求和道德价值判断上的共同性，带来了各国政治目标取向上的一致性，然而由于各国政治、经济、文化、历史等方面的差异，使各国宪政之路又不尽相同。近一个世纪以来，中国在摸索中前进，以寻求适合于中国发展的宪政之路。香港自古以来就是中国的领土，由于历史的特殊性，使其走上了不同于中国其他地区的宪政发展道路。回归后的香港按照“一国两制”的方针和基本法的要求，建立起新的宪政秩序，其政治体制的良好运作保障了香港经济的持续稳定发展，并引起了国内外各界的认同和广泛关注。由于香港宪政体制是融合了中西方法律文化优秀成果的典范，因此其宪政制度的成功实践对中国当前宪政建设具有特殊的借鉴意义。 本文从宪政秩序的原理着手，首先对秩序和法律秩序的涵义和特征进行了较为详尽的阐述，在此基础上从三个方面对宪政秩序的涵义进行了概括：首先，宪政秩序是一种法律秩序，是整个社会法律秩序的最高形式的、也是最重要的组成部分；其次，它是人类政治实践演进到一定历史时期的政治秩序模式；而从本质上讲它又是一种状态，是宪法对社会各主体进行规范所形成的现实状况。基于对宪政秩序涵义的理解，进而得出民主、法治、人权是其自身存在的最根本的价值基础。 香港宪政秩序的形成经历了一个较长的历史过程，其产生可追溯到19世纪中叶。英国占领香港后，以《英皇制诰》和《皇室训令》两个宪法性文件为依据，建立起一套维护英国殖民利益的宪政秩序。在英国统治香港的150年间，香港先后经历了早期殖民主义时期、新殖民主义时期和过渡时期三个阶段，长期实行以总督为核心的行政主导体制，体现出极大的殖民性。但不可否认的是，香港在殖民统治期间也形成了具有港式特色的法治与自由，这成为香港繁荣稳定的两大基石，也为回归后香港新的宪政秩序的建立奠定良好基础。 回归后香港特别行政区的宪政秩序是本文考察的重点。为了继续保持香港的繁荣稳定，中央政府为香港回归提出了“一国两制”和“港人治港”的方针，并依此制定了符合香港实际的宪法性文件——《香港特别行政区基本法》，正是通过这种方式，在充分发挥地方积极性的基础上，实现了中央对香港的有效管治。依据基本法，香港在借鉴西更多还原

【Abstract】 The constitutionalism principle theory and the practice was considered the biggest political achievement which the western nation obtains. In the past 20th centuries, the constitutional order constructed has become the world the major tendency, host of tidal current the time, becomes the modern country’ the highest goal of political development. The benefit pursue and in the moral value judgement common traits, have brought in the various countries’ politics goal orientation uniformity, however as a result of aspect the various countries’ politics, economy, culture, history difference and so on, causes road of the various countries’ constitutional government different. Since a nearly century, China unceasingly has gone forward in trying to find out, seeks suits road of the constitutional government which develops to China. Hong Kong was a Chinese territory part since old times, as a result of the historical particularity, caused it to step onto has been different with the Chinese other areas constitutional government development paths. After return Hong Kong defers to "the one country two systems" the policy and the fundamental law request, establishes the new constitutional order, Its political system good operation safeguarded the Hong Kong economy to continue stably to develop, and has caused the domestic and foreign from all walks of life approvals and the widespread attention. Because the Hong Kong constitutional government system fused the China and the West side law culture outstanding achievement model, therefore its constitutional government system success practice had the special model significance to the Chinese current constitutional government constructionThis article begins from the constitutional government order principle, first to the order, the legal order implication and the characteristic has carried on a more exhaustive elaboration, grasps in this foundation from three aspects to the constitutional order implication: The constitutional order is one kind of legal order, is the entire social law order highest form, also is the most important constituent; It is the human politics practice evolution to the certain historical period political order pattern; But from essentially says it also is one kind of condition, is the constitution carries on the realistic condition to the social various main bodies which the standard forms. Based on to the constitutional order implication更多还原