【作者】 黄志红；

【导师】 彭先国；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 专门史， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 清末“新政”时期的禁烟运动作为一场由清政府自上而下发动的全国规模的重要社会改良运动,属于清末“新政”改革的一部分,旨在铲除社会陋习,为清末“新政”改革事业赢得必需的社会资源和挹注更多的财政资源。其发生的国际、国内背景相当复杂。对于这次禁烟,清政府十分重视,从1906年9月20日清廷颁布“禁烟”谕令开始,到1911年10月辛亥革命爆发被迫中断为止,始终把禁烟当作大政方针。在外交方面,清政府积极争取国际社会的同情和支持,通过外交谈判,迫使当时国际上最大的烟土贩子英国政府承担了以每年递减十分之一的比例,十年期满完全停止向中国输入印度烟土的责任,中英双方还缔结了两个重要条约:《禁烟条约》和《中英禁烟条约》;在内政方面,鉴于国内烟毒泛滥成灾的状况及其洋、土烟给政府造成影响的差异,清廷起初采取“渐禁”或“缓禁”政策,确定了十年分期禁绝洋、土烟的计划和先禁土烟后禁洋烟的方法,但后来在事实上实行的却是缩短期限禁种、禁运和禁吸洋、土烟的“断禁”政策,禁烟时间上比预定计划提前了7年有余。同时在禁烟运动中,清政府有意识地与当时国际社会的禁烟趋势相融合,积极鼓动民间力量参与禁烟,得到了广大民众自下而上的热烈响应。总之,纵观这次禁烟运动的整个过程,由于禁烟符合历史发展的潮流,在中央与地方、官方与民间的共同努力下,整个禁烟运动声势浩大,涉及社会各个层面,并在短短5年时期内取得令人瞩目的成果。然而由于领导机构、禁烟政策上的原因及实行中的具体原因,使禁烟运动在实际上没达到预期效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 The situation of Qing Dynasty was as precarious as a pile of eggs at the beginning of eggs at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to resolve the extremely critical predicament, the Qing government introduced a serial of new policies, including a ban on opium smoking and trafficking and the planting of opium poppy in China. The opium ban was established by the Qing government on September 20, 1906. During the movement the Qing government adopted lots of measures to settle the opium question. In the diplomatic aspect, the Qing government positively strived for the sympathy and the supportment of the international society through the diplomatic negotiations. Especially China and Britain concluded two important treaties:“Anti-opium Treaty" and“Anti-opium Treaty by China and Britain ".As the biggest opium-- smuggling ring internationally, Britain was forced to accept full responsibility for decreasing the Indian opium to China steadily. After ten years Britain would not transport opium to China. At home the Qing government at first adopted the policy of gradual opium-prohibiting. There was an overflow of opium in the country at that time. The opium taxes and levies had been one of the main financial resources. But many people gave the Qing government strong backing. Afterwards the Qing government was determined to implement the policy of rapid opium-prohibiting in order to impose restrictions on foreign opium trade. The ban on the planting of opium poppy and opium smoking and trafficking was carried out more rigorously by the governments at various levels than ever. The number of opium addicts greatly diminished. The quantity of opium goods fell off considerably. Large numbers of opium dens were not allowed to do business as usual during the movement. However Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen overthrew Qing Dynasty. Naturally the opium ban was also lifted because lots of other important questions required immediate settlement at that time. Obviously it took the Qing government only five years to strictly enforce the ban. In a word, the Qing government adopted some effective measures to deal with domestic opium affairs and foreign opium affairs during the period. Moreover, the opium ban followed the trend of the times and the majority will. Therefore, the anti-opium campaign launched by the Qing government achieved the surprised results in so short time. However on the accounts, such as the faulty leadership organization and opium ban, the anti-opium movement did not achieve the anticipated effect in fact. If we pursue theoretical studies on the anti-opium movement from 1906 to 1911, we may acquire much experience.更多还原