【作者】 许丽娟；

【导师】 柏连阳；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 农药学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 异丙甲草胺和乙草胺均属氯代乙酰胺类除草剂，它们在水田中活性极高。但是，这两类除草剂在水田使用时易对水稻幼苗产生药害。植物性安全剂来源于植物，能够保护作物免受除草剂的药害，且不降低除草剂的活性，环境相容性好，不会给环境造成新的压力。本文在前期研究的基础上，用室内生测方法对不同方法提取的A、B、G提取物进行了解毒效果的研究，主要结果如下： 1．对植物A、B、G分别采用超临界CO₂萃取法、煎煮法、冷浸法、索氏提取法进行提取。实验结果显示，用超临界CO₂提取的G提取物对异丙甲草胺的解毒效果明显优于其它提取方法，植物G提取物的浓度为80g／L时，对异丙甲草胺的解毒效果最好。植物A、B提取物的最佳提取方法为索氏提取法，A提取物的浓度为80g／L，B提取物浓度为40g／L时，对乙草胺的解毒效果最佳。 2．植物A、B、G提取物对水稻保护作用的盆栽试验表明，G提取物能明显地保护水稻免受异丙甲草胺的伤害，与对照（清水处理）相比，施加了G提取物的水稻株高和分蘖数接近对照水平。植物A、B提取物都能明显减轻乙草胺对水稻的伤害，水稻的生长也基本恢复到了对照的水平。考种结果也表明，施用超临界CO₂萃取浓度为80g／L的G提取物，用索氏法提取A、B的提取物浓度分别为80g／L、40g／L，水稻的有效穗数、结实率、千粒重以及实际亩产等指标都接近对照水平。 3．稗草施用不同浓度的乙草胺和异丙甲草胺后再分别施加最佳保护浓度的植物提取物，结果表明，三种提取物并不影响这两种酰胺类除草剂对杂草的防除效果。 4．分别用不同浓度的A、B、G提取物浸种，种子发芽率较低。且浸种处理的种子发芽后的幼苗施用除草剂后株高和鲜重受到明显抑制，与清水对照相比差异达显著水平。说明用提取物浸种处理种子，不能解除除草剂对水稻的药害。更多还原

【Abstract】 Metolachlor and acetochlor are belong to acetanilide herbicides, they have high activity in rice field. But rice is extremely sensitive to acetanilide herbicides which damage rice easily. Botanical safeners can protect crop plants from herbicides injury , and it don’t result in new pressure to environment. For that, using different methods of extracting extracted plant A、 B、 G which have already screened as herbicide safeners that protect rice from acetanilide herbicides injury on the base of former studies.The main results are listed as follow:1. There are four different extraction methods such as supercritical CO₂ extraction, traditional decocting, extraction method and Soxthlet extraction which used to extract plant A、 B、 G. The results showed that the extraction of plant G which used supercritical CO₂ extraction can protect rice from metolachlor injury, which is better than other extraction methods. The extraction of plant G protected rice from metolachlor injury is good when the concentration of plant G is 80g/L. The Soxthlet extraction method is a good method to extract plant A and B. They can protect rice from acetochlor injury when the concentration of plant A is 80g/L, the concentration ofplant B is 40g/L.2. The results of greenhouse experiment that the protective effect extracts from plant A、 B、 G showed, the extracts from plant G can protect rice from metolachlor injury obviously. Rice treated with extracting from plant G, which plant height and tillering are almost the same with the contrast. The extracts from plant A or B can protect rice from acetochlor injury obviously too. The spikes results showed that fertility, 1000-grain weight and yields/mu of rice is almost the same with the control when the concentration of plant G is 80g/L which used supercritical CO₂ extraction and the concentration of plant A, B is 80g/L, 40g/L which used refluxing extraction.3. Added metolachlor or acetochlor to the millet and then used the extraction of plant A、 B、 G ,the results showed that the extraction of plant A、B、G can not influence the control effect of millet.更多还原