添加剂对锌电池负极及电解液性能影响的研究

【作者】 赵逸群；

【导师】 张正富；

【作者基本信息】 昆明理工大学 ， 材料学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文简述了电池的基本性能指标及锌电池的特点,描述了锌电池存在的主要缺点及改进办法;其中在电极或电解液中添加一种或多种添加剂是改善锌电池性能最常用、最有效的方法。因此,本实验着重研究了多种添加剂对锌电池性能的改善。本实验主要分为三个部分:Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O粉体的制备、添加剂对电解液性能的影响和添加剂对电极性能的影响。 在众多的改善锌电极性能的添加剂中,其中性能突出的为Ca（OH）₂,但研究表明直接用Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O作电极的效果更好。为了制备单一相的Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O,结合实验室的具体情况,对用化学法制备Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O粉体,做了热稳定性,溶解度和相结构三个方面的研究分析,最终凭借溶解度上的较大差异成功地制各了单一相的Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O粉体。 为了改善电解液的性能,本实验将LiOH·H₂O、KF·2H₂O、K₂CO₃、（CH₃）₄NOH、C₁₉H₄₂BrN、（NaPO₃）₆、ZnO七种重要的添加剂及KOH的量共8个因素采用了均匀设计的方法配制电解液进行研究。分别对锌粒在各电解液中的溶解度、析氢速率和电解液本身的电导率做了分析和讨论。最后以溶解度、析氢速率和电导率的综合指标为依据进行多元回归拟合,得出了在该实验条件下电解液添加剂的最优配比方案。 为了改善锌电极的性能,同时研究了电极中添加剂对锌电极性能的影响,本部分实验对影响锌电极的4个因素（乙炔黑、Bi₂O₃、PbO、包覆La（OH）₃的Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2n₂O）,选用4因素3水平的正交设计表研究其充放电循环特性。以充放电循环的容量和衰减率的综合指标为判断依据,得出了在该实验条件下的电极添加剂的最优配比方案;同时从对部分样品的循环伏安特性和相结构出发,对容量衰减作出简单的讨论。 为了更好的说明添加剂对锌电极性能的改善,对没有任何添加剂的氧化锌在没有任何添加剂的20%KOH电解液中进行充放电循环实验。结果发现其放电容量衰减很快,循环一两次放电容量就衰减接近零。而用得到的最优配比方案制备的电极,在用最优配比方案制备的电解液中在同样的条件下,循环46次,容量几乎没有衰减;比直接用锌作电极的性能更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, the parameters of battery and the characteristics of zinc battery are reviewed briefly. The disadvantages of the zinc electrode and the methods used to improve the properties of zinc battery are discussed. The most useful method is to add additives to the electrode or electrolyte. The effections of several kinds of additives have been studied in this paper. This paper includes the following parts: to make the power of Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O, to research the effections of the additives to electrolyte, and to research the effections of the additives to electrode.Of all additives to electrode, Ca（OH）₂ improves greatly the performance of zinc electrode. But the better property can be getten if the electrode is made of Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O. To make single-phase Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂-2H₂O, the phase structure, thermal stability, and solubility of it are researched. Finally, the single-phase Ca[Zn（OH）₃]₂·2H₂O is maden successfully.It is an important way for improving battery performance by adding some matter to alkali electrolyte. The effections of the KOH and senven kinds of important additives to alkali electrolyte are researched by the Uniform Test Design. By analyzing and discussing the solubility of discharged matter, velocity of zinc being eroded, and conductance of the electrolyte, the best electrolyte is gotten by the colligate guideline, including the solubility of discharged matter, velocity of zinc being eroded, and conductance of the electrolyte.In order to improve the performance of zinc electrode, the effections of the additives to electrode have been researched as well as. In this part, four important elements have been researched via orthogonal design experiments. Under this condition, the best electrode is made by the co-principle between the capability of discharging and the attenuation ratio. Meanwhile, the relations between the capability attenuation and phase or the curves of Cyclic Voltammetry are analyzed simply.In order to investigate the function of the additive, the charge-dischargeexperiments of zinc electrode made up of only zinc oxide are done, in 20% KOH solution without any additives. As a result, its discharge capability attenuates very quickly, and the electrode is only cycled twice in its whole lifetime, with every cycle including charging and discharging. However, the best electrode can cycled about 46 times in the best electrolyte without obvious capability attenuation. So the performance of electrode is improved greatly, but we have a long way to go if we want to use widely the second zinc electrode.In order to have a batter understanding to the discharge capability attenuation of electrode, the ratio of Zinc and Calcium in the wost sample and the best sample are analyzed. That Zinc dissolving in the electrolyte is one of the most important reasons to induce capability attenuation is discoverd. For the most important addtive （BiaOs）, the single factor experiments are done, meanwhile the phase structure of charged electrode is analyzed. The discharge capability increasing with the increase of the content of Bi2C>3 is getten. The reason is that the reductibility of Ca[Zn（OH）3]2-2H2O is increased with the adding of Bi2C>3.更多还原