【作者】 刘文；

【导师】 陈学森；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 果树学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 桃、李、杏及樱桃等核果类果树的许多种与品种原产我国,优异资源极为丰富。采用远缘杂交技术等创造核果类果树新种质,增加遗传多样性,对于核果类果树种质资源的保护和利用具有重要意义。在核果类果树中,桃(Prunus persica L.)的品种全部为自交亲和的,而杏(P. armeniaca Lam.)及李(P. salicina Lindl.)绝大多数品种是自交不亲和的。为了探讨桃自交亲和基因的遗传,并培育自交亲和的李、杏新种质,本试验于2003~2005年在山东农业大学果树生物学实验室、泰安市中奥公司、山东农业大学泰安横岭果树育种基地进行,在已有研究工作的基础上,以桃为母本,与用静电场、γCo60射线等方法处理过的李、杏花粉进行杂交,对杂种幼胚进行了胚抢救,研究并建立了桃胚抢救技术体系,并对杂种胚培苗进行了SSR分子鉴定。主要研究结果如下:1.花粉处理对远缘杂交亲和性影响较大,适宜场强(434.78 Kv/m)的负高压平板静电场及适宜时间(8min)He-Ne激光处理均可以明显提高杂交亲和性;而γCo60射线处理则降低了杂交亲和性或本实验未筛选出合适处理剂量。适宜场强的负高压平板静电场处理花粉,不仅可以提高花粉的离体萌芽率和杂交亲和性,而且对杂种的胚性生长也有显著的促进作用,其中对胚培苗的诱导增殖效果明显。2.通过对坐果率及杂种发育状况的调查,可初步确定杂种败育发生的时间。其中,以‘中华寿桃’为母本的远缘杂种,杂种胚的败育开始于授粉后第8周,而‘雨花露’桃为母本的杂种桃,败育现象则开始于授粉后第6周。3.不同品种的母本及杂种胚龄对杂种胚萌发及生长影响较大,在杂种胚的发育过程中,败育现象一直存在,胚抢救的时期应从败育开始直到果实成熟,并尽量将时间延后(PF>0.5),这样可以在更大范围内以更高的成功率挽救杂种胚,获得更多的杂种新种质。4.对以‘中华寿桃’为母本的杂种,筛选出杂种胚最佳萌发与生长培养基为1/2MS+BA 4mg/L + IBA 0.5mg/L,最佳继代增殖培养基为MS+BA 1mg/L + IBA 1mg/L,最佳生根培养基为MS+IAA 0.5mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L;而对以‘雨花露’桃为母本的杂种,其最佳萌发与生长培养基为MS+BA 4mg/L + IBA 0.5mg/L,最佳继代增殖培养基MS + BA 0.5mg/L + IBA 1mg/L,最佳生根培养基为MS+IAA0.5mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L。更多还原

【Abstract】 Many stone fruits, such as peach, plum, apricot, cherry et al., origined from China. There are many excellent resources in China. It is important for protection and utilization of stone fruit germplasm resources to creat new germplasms and increase genetic diversity adopting distant hybridization technology. Concerning stone fruits, cultivars of peach (Prunus persica L.) are all self-compatible, while that of apricot (P. armeniaca Lam.) and plum (P. salicina Lindl.) are self-incompatible. Herein, peach was used as the female parent, and it was crossed with plum and apricot whose pollen was treated with electrostatic field, 60Coγ-ray, etc., in an effort to study the hereditary rules of self-compatible genes, and to breed the new self-compatible germplasms of plum and apricot. Embryo rescue technique was used and the hybrid nature of the plants regenerated was identified by SSR method. This experiment has been done in fruit biology laboratory of Shandong Agriculture University, Zhongao company, fruit breeding base of Shandong Agriculture University in Hengling form 2003 to 2005. The results showed that:1. The pollen treatments played important effect on the cross-compatibility of distant hybridization, the appropriate electrostatic field treatment(434.78 Kv/m)and the right treating time(8min) can improve the cross-compatibility markedly, while theγCo60 treatment could not promote the cross-compatibility of distant hybridization or had little effect on it. The electrostatic field treatment on pollen could not only improve the pollen germination in vitro and the cross-compatibility, but also had important effect on the embryo-grow, especially on the efficiency of inducement and multiplication of embryo-cultured shoots.2. Fruit setting level and developmental status of hybrid embryos were examined, by which we can determine the embryo abortion time. In the‘Zhonghuashoutao’crosses, the degeneration of the hybrid embryo started from the 8th week after pollination, while in the‘Yuhualu’crosses, the degeneration started from the 6th week after pollination.3. The duration of fruit development period and the embryo age were of great importance for embryo germination of peach hybrids, and the abortion of hybrid更多还原