【作者】 刘雪梅；

【导师】 马恩波；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 动物学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 随着工业的快速发展,重金属环境污染问题日益严重。中华稻蝗的生长状况与其所处的地域环境有密切的关系,当其生活在被重金属污染的环境中时,环境中的重金属会对中华稻蝗产生一系列的作用。本文选取山西省原平地区的中华稻蝗为研究对象,研究重金属镉、铅在其体内的累积规律以及产生的氧化损伤,本研究主要内容有如下三个部分: 1、人工模拟生态系统条件下分别饲养15天与30天后,采用原子吸收仪测定重金属镉在中华稻蝗体内的累积规律。结果表明,植物体内镉含量随着土壤中镉剂量的增加而增加,且呈时间-剂量效应,中华稻蝗各体段均具有累积重金属的能力,且各体段的累积量随土壤镉浓度的增加而增加,同时也成时间-剂量效应,证明重金属可以通过食物链进入昆虫体内,通过研究中华稻蝗体内重金属的累积情况可以反映土壤中重金属含量的高低: 2、人工模拟生态系统条件下分别饲养15天与30天后,采用比色法测定重金属镉对中华稻蝗体内抗氧化系统（SOD、GPx、GSH）的影响作用,结果表明,在外界重金属镉的胁迫下,SOD、GPx的活性随土壤浓度的增加而发生变化,在低剂量作用下,体内产生的少量氧自由基不足以激活SOD、GPx的活性,随土壤浓度的增加,镉诱导体内产生大量的氧自由基,为保护机体避免受到损伤,SOD、GPx被激活,活性增加,随土壤浓度的继续增加,产生的氧自由基大量增多,细胞受到一定损伤,SOD、GPx活性受到抑制,开始回落,GSH作为GPx清除H₂O₂的底物被消耗,表现出浓度降低且均低于对照,实验证明重金属镉可以通过食物链进入对中华稻蝗体内并对其造成氧化损伤,但镉对中华稻蝗的毒性作用十分复杂,生物体内的抗氧化作用是由多种机制共同协作完成,而不是由单一机制完成的。从镉胁迫诱导这些酶的活性变化程度,从而可以判断生物体的受害状况: 3、通过体外注射将不同浓度的硝酸铅溶液注射到中华稻蝗体内,采用比色法测定重金属铅对中华稻蝗体内抗氧化系统（SOD、GPx、Vc、MDA）的影响作用,结果表明,铅诱导中华稻蝗机体脂质过氧化,随铅更多还原

【Abstract】 The pollution of heavy metal in soil is so seriously with the development of industry. Heavy metals from draining of water in industrial pollution and using chemical fertilizers unreasonably polluted the agricultural environments. Crops were polluted by them. Human beings and living organisms were influenced by heavy metals through the food chain. The status of Oxya chinensis were related to the environment that they lived. When Oxya chinensis lived in the environment that was polluted heavily by heavy metal, the heavy metal should cause a series of changes on Oxya chinensis. We selected Oxya chinensis that lived in Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China as the study sample. The purpose of this research is to present the accumulate law of Cadmium by Oxya chinensis in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cadmium for 15 days and 30 days respectively, and the oxidize damage that Cadmium should caused under this condtion. Then the antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) and the non-enzymatic system (GSH) to protect themselves from the Cadmium toxicity should been studied. Another goal of this research is to present the oxidize damage that Plumbum should caused, the antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) and non-enzymatic system (Vc and MDA) to protect themselves from the Plumbum toxicity should been studied. There are three sections in this paper. Section Ⅰ , fourth-instar nymphs of Oxya chinensis was fed on wheat seedlings contaminated with Cadmium for 15 days and 30 days respectively in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cadmium. Then we choose the method of atomic absoption to determine the contents of accumulate in different bodies of Oxya chinensis. Then discuss the law of accumulation with different concentions of Cadmium and different times. Oxya chinensis take the wheat seedlings that were accumulated with Cadmium. Cadmium entered the body through food chain, and was accumulated in the different body parts of Oxya chinensis. In the ecosystem, the Cadmium concentrations in wheat seedlings and the contents in differentbodies of Oxya chinensis were raised with the increasing of Cadmium in the soil and the times. It was showed that Oxya chinensis has the capability to accumulate Cadmium. The results indicated that Cadmium could be accumulated from the soil to Oxya chinensis through the plant. So we could determine the contents on Oxya chinensis to apprehend the contents of heavy metals in the soil. Section II, after 15 days and 30 days that Oxya chinensis was fed on wheat seedlings contaminated with Cadmium respectively in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cadmium, Cadmium got into the body of Oxya chinensis through the food chain and induced an effect on Oxya chinensis during their growing development. Then we choose the method of the kit of Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Institute to determine the activeties of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) and the non-enzymatic system (GSH). In the study, the change of SOD and GPx activity, and GSH content was found in Oxya chinensis after Cdmium treatment. Under the force of Cadmium, oxygen free radicals were caused in the body, but at the lower lever, a few oxygen free radicals could not stimulate to increase the activety of SOD and GPx. Following the increase of the concentrations of Cadmium, more and more oxygen radicals were caused in the body, so the activeties of SOD and GPx were stimulated to increase to protect themselves from the Cdmium toxicity. But at the higher lever, large number of oxygen free radicals was caused so that antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) could not eliminate the surplus oxygen free radicals. The cells were damaged caused by the oxygen free radicals. The activeties of SOD and GPx were decresed beause the cells in the body were damaged. GSH are the reactant of the reaction that Cadmium atimulated GPx to degrade H2O2 to H2O. GSH were used up. So the content of GSH was decreased with the Cadmium concentration increased. The study showed us that Cadmium is a toxicant to living organisms. It not only can accumulate in Oxya chinensis, but it also induces an effect on Oxya chinensis during their growing development. One of its main toxic effects is producing oxygen damage on Oxya chinensis. Oxya chinensis use various means, such as enzyme mechanisms (SOD andGPX) and non-enzymatic mechanism (GSH) to protect themselves from the Cdmium toxicity. The results predicted that Cdmium induced oxidative stress increases in Oxya chinensis with increasing Cdmium concentration in the soil and varied the enzymatic activities of antioxidative system (SOD and GPx) and non-enzymatic factors (GSH). We demonstrated that complex relationships between Cdmium toxicity and defensive enzyme activity and multiple mechanisms rather than a single mechanism may be responsible fo ? the capacity of Oxya chinensis, to resist Cadmium. Enzymatic activities are regarded as fast and prognostics indices of individual reaction to the environmental stress, and should allow prediction of the consequences of pollution at population and ecosystem levels. Section III, fifth-instar nymphs of Oxya chinensis were caught in the filed. They were injected in the solution of Plumbum with different concentrations by miniature syringe. We choose the method of the kit of Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Institute to determine the activeties of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) and the non-enzymatic factors (Vc and MDA). In the study, the change of SOD activity, GPx activity, Vc content and MDA content was found in Oxya chinensis after Plumbum treatment. Under the force of Plumbum, the oxygen damage was caused on Oxya chinensis. Lipid peroxidation of cell membranes was induced to the body of Oxya chinensis by Plumbum treatment. We could get the conclusion from the study easily. The content of MDA increased with the concentration of solution of Plumbum increased, and the contents of MDA in treatment groups were higher than it in control group. Oxygen free radicals were caused in the body of Oxya chinensis by the force of Plumbum. The same with section II, at the lower lever, a few oxygen free radicals could not stimulate to increase the content of Vc and the activety of SOD and GPx. Following the increase of the concentrations of Plumbum, more and more oxygen radicals were caused in the body, so the content of Vc and the activeties of SOD and GPx were stimulated to increase to protect themselves from the Plumbum toxicity. But at the higher lever, large number of oxygen free radicals were caused so that the non-enzymatic factors (Vc ) and theantioxidative enzymes (SOD and GPx) could not eliminate the surplu: oxygen free radicals. The cells were damaged caused by the oxygen free radicals. The content of Vc decreasd so that the bility of eliminate the oxygen free radical decreased. The activeties of SOD and GPx were decresed beause the cells in the body were damaged. The study showed us that Plumbum is a toxicant to living organisms. It can induce an effect on Oxya chinensis. One of its main toxic effects is producing oxygen damage on Oxya chinensis. Oxya chinensis use various means likes other living organisms in nature, such as enzyme mechanisms (SOD and GPX) and non-enzymatic mechanism (Vc and MDA) to protect themselves from the Plumbum toxicity. The results predicted that Plumbum induced lipid peroxidation of cell membranes production in Oxya chinensis with increasing Plumbum concentration in the solution and varied the enzymatic activities of antioxidative system (SOD and GPx) and the content of non-enzymatic factors (Vc and MDA). We demonstrated that complex relationships between Plumbum toxicity and defensive system and multiple mechanisms rather than a single mechanism may be responsible for the capacity of Oxya chinensis to resist Plumbum. From the study, the changes of the enzymatic activities of antioxidative system and the content of non-enzymatic factors could reflect the extents of the pollution in the environment. According to the results, we have maken clear of how the heavy metals are distributed in different bodies of Oxya chinensis to avoid or reduce the heavy metals entering the body through food chain. We have studied the changes that antioxidative enzymes and the non-enzymatic system in Oxya chinensis had under the heavy metal pollution to dicusse the mechanisms and make sure the status of the influence of Oxya chinensis. So we suggested that Oxya chinensis can be used as the sample to examine the extents of the pollution in the inviroment where they lived.更多还原