【作者】 李巨勇；

【导师】 吴跃峰； 武明录；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 动物学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 本文全面的对唐海湿地的鸟类群落结构及在不同生境、不同季节的差异进行了对比研究,对唐海湿地鸟类的重要类群——鹭科鸟类的繁殖行为和巢群关系进行了观察研究,并分析了唐海湿地鸟类面临的主要问题,提出了建议。主要研究结果如下: 1.唐海湿地鸟类群落结构特征及主要类群的迁徙动态。本次调查共记录鸟类301种,分属于18目58科138属。其中非雀形目鸟类185种,占总种数61.46%;旅鸟(195种)居主导地位,占64.78%,夏侯鸟60种、留鸟30种和冬候鸟16种;国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类6种,占总种数的1.99%,包括金鵰、白肩鵰、玉带海鵰、丹顶鹤、白鹤和大鸨;Ⅱ级保护动物共41种,占总种数的13.62%,包括卷羽鹈鹕、黄嘴白鹭、东方白鹳、白琵鹭、黑脸琵鹭、白额雁、大天鹅、鸳鸯、苍鹰、大篱、游隼、灰鹤、白枕鹤、小杓鹬、长耳鹗等;鸟类区系组成中古北种占绝对优势,达到了214种,其次为广布种75种,东洋种只有12种;鸟类的分布型体现了北方型向东北型的过渡;密度较大的鸟种依次是(树)麻雀、红嘴鸥、家燕、灰椋鸟、红腹滨鹬、黑尾塍鹬、黑腹滨鹬、泽鹬等;湿地内的泽鹬、半蹼鹬、大滨鹬、红腹滨鹬、尖尾滨鹬、弯嘴滨鹬、灰斑鴴和蒙古沙鴴8种鴴鹬鸟类的数量达到或超过国际重要意义标准。唐海湿地迁徙水鸟的四大重要类群(鴴鹬鸟类群落、鸥类群落、雁鸭类群落及鹭科鸟类群落)迁徙高峰期均出现在春秋季节,夏季次之,冬季为最低谷。秋季各水鸟迁经湿地的时间较为集中,大部分水鸟在9月下旬至10月中旬进入该地区,而春季较分散,可分为3月份的雁鸭类高峰期和4月份以后的鴴鹬类、鸥类及鹭类的高峰期,这与唐海湿地气候和不同鸟类的食性有关。 2.自然和人工六种生境鸟类群落特征的比较。潮间带、碱蓬荒草丛、芦苇沼泽湿地代表了滨海湿地自然演替的早期阶段、过渡阶段和顶级阶段,盐场鱼虾池、水稻田、林带灌丛代表了唐海湿地内主要的人工生境类型。潮间带鸟类密度最高、其次为林带灌丛、密度最小的为水稻田生境,鸟种由多到少依次为芦苇沼泽湿地、林带灌丛、潮间带、沿海虾池、碱蓬荒草丛和水稻田生境;芦苇沼泽湿地的物种多样性指数和科、属多样性指数均最高(分别为4.078和0.747),涵养防护林带次之(分别为3.908和0.617),水稻阳生境鸟类的多样性指数及科、属多样性均最低(分别为2.436和0.381);潮间带和盐场虾池之间鸟种相似度最高,为0.512;芦苇沼泽湿地和盐场鱼虾池次之,为0.486;而以潮间带与林带灌丛生境之间最低,为0.024。 3.唐海湿地内重要类群——鹭科鸟类的繁殖生态。唐海湿地繁殖的四种鹭(夜鹭、更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the field survey, we compared the Hebei Tanghai wetlands seasonal avian community characteristics and evaluated the quality of regional environment in this paper. Furthermore, we studied reproductive behavior and nest relationship of ardeidae birds which play a special role in local ecosystem, and proposed correlative measures to some problems faced by the regional birds. The major researchful results are following:1. The structure of avian community and migration dynamic of main groups. According to investigation, there are 301 species of birds in all belonging to 138 genus, 58 families and 18 orders, among which there are 185 species of non-passeriformes sharing 61.46% of the total birds. There are 195 species of transient migrants in this area accounting for 64.78% of the total number, 60 species of summer migrants, 30 speices of resident and 16 species of winter migrants. Among them, 6 species (1.99%) viewed as the national first-grade protected birds were recorded, including Golden Eagle、 Imterial Eagle、 Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Red-crowned Crane, Siberian Crane and Great Bustard, and 41(13.62%) of the recorded species were the national second-grade protected wildlife, including Dalmatian Pelican, Chinese Egret, Oriental Stork, Eurasian Spoonbill, Black-faced Spoonbill, Greater White-fronted Goose, Whooper Swan, Mandarin Duck, Northern Goshawk, Upland Buzzard, Peregrine Falcon, Common Crane, White-naped Crane, Little Curlew, Long-eared Owl and so on. In view of distinct characters, the Palaearitic realm are dominant (214), the next are the widespread species(75) and the Oriental realm (12), which is the transition from North Type to North-east Type. Some species are dense in the region such as Tree Sparrow, Black-headed Gull, Barn Swallow, White-cheeked Starling, Red Knot, Black-tailed Godwit, Dunlin, Marsh Sandpiper, etc, and Marsh Sandpiper, Asian Dowitcher, Great Knot, Red Knot, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, Curlew Sandpiper, Grey Plover and 8 species of Charadriidae and Scoipacidae even preponderate over the international important significance indicator. The migration peaks mainly occurred in spring or fall for the four species of waterfowls. In fall, the migration time was comparatively compact, focusing in the period from the last ten days of September to the middle ten days of October, however, there were two migration peaks in spring: Anatidae in March and Charadriidae and Scoipacidae, the gulls, Ardeidae after April, which is relatedwith the regional climate and bird food habit.2. Comparison on avian community among natural and acquired six habitats. Tideland, iodine weed brushwood as well as reed and swamp habitat represents the earlier, transitional and topmost period of the natural evolvement of costal wetlands, respectively, while salt fields and shrimp ponds, paddy fields and forest shrubs belong to the acquired habitats. The sequence of density is tideland, forest shrub and paddy field habitat. The sequence of species richness is reed and swamp, forest shrub, tideland, costal shrimp, iodine weed brushwood and paddy field habit. The sequence of indices on species and family and genera diversity is reed and swamp (4.078 and 0.747, respectively), self-restraint shelter forest (3.908 and 0.617) and paddy field habitat (2.436 and 0.381). To the species similarity degree, it is the highest (0.512) between tideland and salt field and shrimp pond habitat, the next are 0.486 between reed and swamp and salt field and shrimp habitat, and 0.024 between tideland and forest shrub habitat.3. Breeding ecology of ardeidae birds. The four heron species namely Black-crowned night herons, Egrets, Chinese pond-herons and Great egrets stayed for a long time in this area. There were altogether two nest areas I and II area, and the maximum occurred from April to September almost up to 5800 individuals, with immigrating events later in II area than I area about half a month. During breeding stage, Black-crowned Night Herons dominant in member number immigrated firstly occupying the upper nests in the nuclear area, while Chinese Pond Herons emerged lastly with less population most solely nidifying in edges and merely few taking the lower nests of the core. Egrets monopolized the middle nests but comparatively late, and Great Egrets least in member size also occupied the upper nests in the central area. As a whole, it was the widest to Egrets in the vertical niche, to Black-crowned Night Herons in level niche and to Chinese Pond Herons in holistic space niche. Nest distribution pattern was the most similar between Chinese Pond Herons and Black-crowned Night Herons, while the niche overlap of Chinese Pond Herons and Egrets was the highest. Owning to maximum members and the largest body respectively, Black-crowned night herons and Great egrets controlled Egrets and Chinese pond-herons in conflict. In addition, we discussed that the primary cause which resulted in plentiful aigrets in the wetlands might be rich food and fitting forest-zones. Nest sites found only inbilateral-poplar zones above 22 m was the distinguishing feature of this wetlands.4. Existent problems and relevant advices. The contradiction between bird hunting, tidal flat development, oil exploitation, port construction as well as local human production and bird foraging is increasingly severe. Thus it is necessary for the local government to enforce management, spread propaganda and establish reasonable effective measures for protecting birds.更多还原