洛阳山陕会馆古建琉璃构件腐蚀及保护研究

【作者】 惠任；

【导师】 王丽琴；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古学与博物馆学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 琉璃构件是中国古代建筑中不可缺少的建筑材料，具有一定的功能性和艺术性，但因其长期处于露天环境之中，会产生釉面蜕变、开裂、脱落和胎体酥粉等多种病变。目前国内对于现代和仿古建筑琉璃制品的制作及工艺方面的研究比较多，而在古建原始琉璃构件病害及保护方面的研究未见报道。本文以洛阳山陕会馆古建群屋面琉璃构件为主要研究对象，总结了琉璃构件病变的种类，首次对绿色琉璃构件釉面腐蚀产物进行了科学分析，探讨了腐蚀机理。同时，通过物理共混的方法找出比较适合露天琉璃构件釉面防腐的封护材料，为中国古建琉璃构件的保护研究填补了空白。 通过对戏楼、山门两座建筑屋面琉璃构件的系统调查，归纳出琉璃构件的病变种类分缺失、残损、表面沉积、黑色结壳、釉面腐蚀、釉层脱落和胎体酥粉7种。其中釉面腐蚀这种病变通常容易被人们忽略，不被重视，但其长期发展的结果必将导致釉层脱落、胎体酥粉等其它病变，使琉璃构件失去原有的防水、抗风化性能。本文借助偏光显微镜、电子探针仪和X-射线衍射仪等现代科学仪器，对两种不同釉面腐蚀类型琉璃样品的腐蚀产物进行了分析，得出其主要物相为PbSO₄和PbSO₄·2PbO。结合洛阳当地的大气环境推断出：釉面弱酸水膜的形成、釉中铅离子的溶出和铅的硫酸盐形成这三大步骤是琉璃构件釉面发生腐蚀的主要过程。实验室设置高温、高湿、高SO₂含量密封箱，人工模拟琉璃构件腐蚀环境，加速其釉面的老化，30天后得出和原始构件釉面腐蚀产物成分、形貌相接近的腐蚀产物，从而验证了腐蚀机理。 中国古代建筑是人类珍贵的历史文化遗产，在对其保护修复时，要尽量减少干预，尽可能的保持建筑历史原貌。在对古建琉璃构件的保护研究中，我们首次利用Remmers对B72进行了共混改性，通过成膜实验、光老化实验、耐水性实验、耐酸性腐蚀实验和琉璃腐蚀实验，找到10％二者比例为2：8的丙酮溶液在各方面具有较优异的性能，作为保护材料对已发生腐蚀和尚未发生腐蚀的琉璃构件进行封护加固具有巨大的应用潜力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Glazed pottery components, indispensable building materials in China ancient buildings, have definitely functional and artistic properties. Deteriorations such as glazed layer spallation, craze cracking, desquamation and padding chalking occurred since they were exposed in the open air for long time. There are relatively much researches on the manufactures and techniques of modern and ancient mimic of glazed pottery components in domestic field, while the research on degradation mechanisms and conservation methods of these components hasn’t been reported. In this paper we take the glazed pottery components from the ancient building roofs of ShanShaan Assembly Hall, Luoyang, as the main research objects; classify the component degradation categories; carry on scientific analysis of the deterioration products on the green glazed pottery components; deduce the degradation mechanism. With the method of physical mixed, we also have selected the anti-degradation coating materials which are appropriate to be used on these glaze in open air environment, filling the blank of the relative research on conservation methods.By the systemic survey of the glazed pottery components on the roofs of the drama building and Shan gate, the degradation of those glaze pottery components can be classified into 7 types: missing, damage and incomplete, surface aggradation, black shell, glaze surface deterioration, glaze layer breaking off and padding chalking. Among these 7 kinds of degradation, the glaze surface deterioration is usually easy to be ignored. The developing of the glaze surface deterioration will certainly cause glaze layer breaking off, padding chalking and other degradation, thus these beautiful components will lose their original functions of waterproof and anti-efflorescing. From PM, EPMA, XRF and other modern scientific techniques, PbSO₄ and PbSO₄·2PbO have been analyzed as the main deterioration components of those two degradation products. Considering the local atmosphere environment of Luoyang ,we deduce three main processes of glaze surface deterioration. They are the forming of weak acid water membrane on the glaze surface, the immigrating of lead ions from更多还原