【作者】 鲁然英；

【导师】 田良；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 环境科学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 环境质量评价是认识和研究环境质量的一种科学方法,大气环境质量评价是环境质量评价的一个重要分支。本文系统整理了城市环境空气质量及其评价的基本原理和方法,并使用概率统计法、空气污染指数法、模糊数学综合评判、距离判别法和物元分析法等几种方法评价了兰州市2003年的空气质量状况,对各种评价方法的评价结果作了对比研究,总结了不同评价方法的优缺点。 空气质量日报中使用污染物指数API,评价结果比较明确,但取最大值的过程中,遗漏了其他污染物的信息。程万里等（2004）提出的RAQI综合考虑各种污染物的影响,陶志华等（2006）提出的RAPI分不同的情况考虑其他污染物的污染影响,使评价结果更加合理。模糊综合评判和距离判别法都考虑到了大气环境质量评价的模糊性,根据污染物浓度对各级别的贴近度考察污染物的级别,这两种方法的评价结果比较一致。物元分析法和距离判别法都可以根据正负来判断污染物在所属级别的具体情况,评价信息反映比较全面。物元分析法的评价结果在个别天数中评价级别偏低,其原因是污染最重的因子在所占权重过大所致。模糊综合评判、距离判别法和物元分析法最终得到的都是空气质量所属级别,评价结果比较直观。 本文利用2001-2005年全国47个重点城市的空气质量日报的数据,对我国重要城市的空气质量状况作了研究。研究结果表明:我国城市空气污染物的首要污染物为PM₁0,污染物的时空分布特征比较明显,城市空气污染冬春季节重于夏秋季节,北方城市重于南方城市;2001-2005我国北方城市大部分有明显改善。 分析沙尘天气对我国城市空气质量的影响表明,我国北方,尤其是西北地区的城市受沙尘天气影响较大,在沙尘天气多发的3、4月份,API标准差有明显的峰值,空气质量状况不稳定。沙尘天气的影响有一定的地域特征,受沙尘天气影响的主要是我国北方城市,其中兰州、西宁、银川、乌鲁木齐等城市受沙尘天气影响较重;严重的沙尘天气也会影响到郑州、重庆、南通、大连、烟台、青岛、上海等中部和南部及东部沿海城市的空气质量状况。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental quality assessment is a scientific method of realization and research the environmental quality. Ambient air quality assessment is one of the important branches of the environmental quality assessment. In this paper, the rationale and the methods of city ambient air quality assessment was summarized. Probability statistics method, Air pollution index （API）, Fuzzy mathematics integration judge, distance distinguish method and matter element analysis method were used in this paper to estimate the air quality of Lanzhou in 2003. The characteristics of these methods were contrasted.API was used in air quality daily, the result was definitude. But in the process of choose the max value;the information of other pollutants was leaved out. Wanli-Cheng etc advanced RAQI colligated all the pollutants’ impact;Zhihua-Tao etc suggested RAPI take other pollutants into account. The estimate result was more reasonable. Fuzzy comprehensive valuing and distance distinguish method considered the fuzzy character of environmental quality assessment, based on the nearness degree of pollutants consistence to judge the pollution level. The assessment results of these two methods were close. Matter element analysis method and distance distinguish method can estimate the concretely level of the pollutants, the information was reflected comprehensively. The result of matter element analysis method was low in some days;it was induced by the weight of the serious pollutant. The assessment results of fuzzy mathematics integration judge, distance distinguish method and matter element analysis method was the level of air quality;the results were clear.In this paper, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of city ambient air pollution in China were summarized based on API data 2001-2005 that were published by SEPA. The results indicated that, in China, the chief pollutant in city ambient air is PM₁₀, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of city ambient air pollution is distinct, the pollution is more serious in winter and spring than summer and autumn while more serious in north cities than south cities. From 2001 to 2005, the city ambient air quality of the north China had been improved evidently.Review the influence of dust-sand weather indicated that the city ambient air quality in the north China especially in the northwest China was seriously influenced. In March and April when the dust-sand weather frequently happen, API standard deviation has peak value in these days;the air quality was instability. The influence of dust-sand weather had regional features. The cities influenced by the dust-sand weather were in the north China. Lanzhou, Xi’ning, Yinchuan, Urumchi etc. were influenced seriously by the dust-sand weather. If the dust-sand weather was severe, air quality in Zhengzbou, Chongqing, Nantong, Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Shanghai etc which were in the central China, north China and east China coastal cities was influenced too.更多还原