【作者】 丁淑英；

【导师】 张清宇；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 环境工程， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 电力工业是我国的基础工业和能源密集型产业。电力工业的发展在促进了我国经济的快速发展,为人类自身创造了巨大的物质财富,但同时,资源的高速消耗,污染的日益加重,生态环境的急剧恶化,对人类社会的发展构成了巨大威胁。 本文把电力生产分为我国主要的生产方式火力发电,和发电比例少量的发电方式新能源发电两部分。根据欧美国家以及我国国内的相关研究,对电力生产的环境成本进行了探讨,建立了适合我国国情的“电力生产成本核算模型”。该模型包括燃煤、燃油、燃气、核能、水能、太阳能、风能、生物质能、垃圾发电等九种发电方式,并将我国根据人口密度等信息划分为东北、东部、中部、西南、西北和北部六个区域。该模型可以根据电厂的实际情况,采用常规数据计算电厂发电的环境成本。以贵阳电厂和清镇电厂为例进行了分析,并将模型推广到了全国。计算结果表明,我国电力生产环境成本最大的是我国东部地区的燃煤发电21.76分/(kW·h),环境成本最小的是西北地区的风力发电0.04分/(kW·h)。 本文对发电技术、污染物控制措施和资源回收利用措施进行了分析,指出在我国以火力发电为主的结构短时间内不发生变化的情况下,需根据条件适当地发展新能源发电模式。火力发电时需采用先进的发电技术节约资源、提高效率;采用污染物控制措施降低污染物排放:加强资源的回收利用,减少浪费。全面实现我国电力行业的循环发展,实现我国经济的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Electricity generation industry is a base industry and energy compression industry in China. Since the electricity generation industry has advanced the economy, has brought human beings tremendous amount of wealth, nature resources have been evaporating rapidly, pollutions have been worsening, and eco-environment has been deteriorating, all of which are greatly threatening the existence and evolution of human beings. The cause of all of these is not industrialization itself, but the greedy profit motive as the result of industrialization and sole goal of profit seeking to maintain the ecosystem of environment and nature resources, and truly realize the steady and long-lasting evolution and development of our society and economy, there must be a nature resources circular economy system, such as the cycle from nature resources, production, products, consumption to resources re-use. Only then, nature resources can be utilized more efficiently, and pollutants exerted can be minimized.We should the costs of electricity generation first, especially the environmental costs.Environmental concerns are important to consider because they represent costs to society that are not typically reflected in the price that consumers pay for electricity. During the last decade, a series of valuation studies have made attempts to estimate the external environmental costs of various power generation sources within the European Union and the United States, while few studies have been conducted in developing countries such as China. As the rapid development of China, the electricity supply sector undergoes increasingly rapid restructuring, and technology and fuel choices widen, understanding the environmental implications of investment choices becomes even more important. The objective of this paper is to expand previous analysis of the external costs of electric power generation in China. We present a quantitative analysis of air pollution impacts on human health, damages from greenhouse gas emissions, the avoided health costs from electrification, the impacts on crops and materials, as well as discussing other impacts qualitatively. Using economic theories, pollutants calculation methods and pollutants’ environmental costs, this paper developed a model ("the cost of electricity generation model in China"). According to the economic conditions and population density, the model divided China into six regions. The model can get environmental costs ofelectricity generation by general data which is different from all the plants but is ready. This paper provides a detailed analysis for the Guiyang power plant which is in Guizhou province in southwest of china, based on coal, though the model can be used for whole China and all kinds of electricity generation. The results shows that the external costs from new energy power generation such as wind, PV, hydro, nuclear, biomass are lower, while the environmental costs of electricity generation based on coal, oil, and gas is high. The maximum of environmental costs is the electricity generation based on coal in the east of China 0.2176RMB/ (kWh) , while the minimum is based on wind in the northwest of China. 0.0004RMB/ (kWh) .This paper analysis the advanced technology of electricity generation, pollution controlling and resources recycle, and point out the main method of electricity generation is based on fire will not change in recent, while we should improve the technology and develop the new energy power generation where is suitable. We should lead our electricity generation in a recycle way, and lead our economy with a sustainable development.更多还原