【作者】 王云超；

【导师】 张立峰；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 土地沙漠化作为土地的一种退化形式,已成为中国北方地区一个重大的生态环境和社会经济问题。严重地影响和困扰着该区及周边区域的生存与社会可持续发展。针对河北省坝上地区生态环境退化,从2005年4月7日至5月12日,在坝上地区的大风季节,采用在地面埋设集沙盘的“陷阱捕捉”法与埋设风蚀盘的方法对滩地与梁地的不同类型地块进行风蚀状况的野外监测,为坝上地区防治风蚀提供理论与技术依据。主要研究结果如下: 1 在观测期内,土壤日风蚀沉积量的变化非常大,在坝上地区滩地类型下,以免耕菜地的土壤风蚀沉积量最大。耕翻地与莜麦留茬地最小。以耕翻地为对照,莜麦留茬地的风蚀量为2.75g/m~2,比对照减少11.27%,差异不显著;玉米留茬地比耕翻地增加了194.11%,与对照差异显著。而免耕菜地的风蚀沉积量与对照差异极显著,比对照增加了435.29%。梁地类型下,以耕翻地和莜麦茬地的土壤风蚀沉积量最大,林地与草地的风蚀量最小。以耕翻地为对照,莜麦留茬地的风蚀沉积量减少了16.34%,与对照差异不显著;而林地和草地的风蚀沉积量则极显著地低于对照,分别比耕翻地减少了85.64%和83.66%。滩地地貌下的风蚀沉积量比梁地地貌都要高。滩地耕翻地的风蚀沉积量比梁地耕翻地高52.96%,且二者差异显著。滩地莜麦茬地的风蚀沉积量比梁地莜麦茬地高60.13%,且二者差异显著。 2 观测期内日平均风速的变化幅度较大,回归分析表明日平均风速与风蚀沉积量均呈正相关。 3 梁地类型下耕翻地的输沙量最大,为2.216g,其次为莜麦茬地,为2.215g,二者之间差异不显著。林地与草地的输沙量最少,分别为0.825g和0.885g,且二者差异不显著。耕翻地与莜麦留茬地近地表输沙量最大,林地与草地的输沙量主要集中在100～150cm高度,而近地表输沙量则较小。说明土壤发生风蚀时耕翻地与莜麦留茬地的土壤颗粒主要以蠕动和跃迁方式运动。而林地与草地的土壤颗粒主要以悬移方式运动。 4 对不同下垫面的风侵蚀量的监测表明,滩地类型下免耕菜地的风蚀量最高,达504.02g/m~2,其次是玉米留茬地和耕翻地,莜麦留茬地风蚀量最小。这一组结果与不同下垫面的风蚀沉积量结果相一致。充分证实了滩地莜麦留茬与耕翻地下垫面的减降风蚀的显著效应。梁地不同下垫面风蚀量除林地外,其余与其相对应下垫面的沉积量监测结果呈相同趋势。 5 粗糙度与植被盖度是影响风蚀的重要因子,莜麦留茬地与耕翻地的粗糙度较大,且二者差异不显著。玉米留茬地与免耕菜地的粗糙度较小,且分别与其他三个处理存在显著差异。且四种下垫面间的粗糙度与风蚀沉积量间显著相关。梁地类型下莜麦留茬地与耕翻地、草地的粗糙度较大,且三者差异不显著。林地的粗糙度最小,这与树林遮风有关。滩地类型上莜麦留茬地的覆盖度最大,菜地的最小,其覆盖度基本为零。在梁地类型上草地与林地的覆盖度最高,莜麦耕翻地的最小。表层土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤硬度都与风蚀沉积量无显著性相关。 6 在土壤风蚀沉积物中,细砂粒(粒径在0.02～0.2mm之间)与粉粒(粒径<0.02mm)更多还原

【Abstract】 Soil becomes desert as a sort of retrogresss form of soil has become a great problem of entironment and society economy in north area. It badly effects and puzzles the subsistence of this area and the persistence development of society. Contrapose entironment’s retrogress in bashang region of Hebei. From 7th Apr. 2005 to 12th May 2005, in gale seaon of bashang region, the wind erosion situation is survived in field by "trap entrapped" and set up the erosion plates methods. The results showed that the erosion is remarkably different in different underlying surfaces. It can offer the theory and technique of prevention and cure the wind erosion.The main results as following:1. In the period of observation, the varieties of day’s wind erosion sediment is very different. In bottomland, the erosion of no-tillage land of vegetable is the most, the plough land and the stubble land are the fewest. The wind erosion of the stubble land of naked oats is 2.75 g/m2, it is 11.27% less than CK (plough land), it is not markedness with CK;While the wind erosion of the stubble land of corn is 194.11% more than CK. The wind erosion of the no-tillage of vegetable is very markedness with CK, it is 435.29% more than CK. In girder land, the wind erosion of the plough land and the stubble land of naked oats is the most, the woodland and the grassland’s erosion is the fewest. the wind erosion of the plough land is as CK, the wind erosion of stubble land is 16.34% less than CK, it is not markedness with CK;But the erosion of woodland and grassland is very less than CK, their erosion is separately 85.64% and 83.66% less than CK. The wind erosion in bottomland is more than girder land. The wind erosion of plough land in bottomland is 52.96% more than girder land and they are diversity markedness. The wind erosion of the stubble land of naked oats in bottomland is 60.13% more than girder land and they are diversity markedness.2. In the period of observation, the average wind speed of every day changes very much, the average wind speed of every day is plus interfix with the wind erosion.3. The sand transporting quantity of plough land in girder land is most, it is 2.216g, the second is the stubble land of naked oats, and they are not markedness interfix. Wood and grassland’s are low, they are 0.825g and 0.885g, they are not markedness interfix. The sand transporting quantity of plough land and stubble land of naked oats are the most in near the earth’s surface, Wood and grassland’s are collected in 100-150cm, but it is low in near the earth’s surface. It explains that the soil grain is wriggle and transition in plough land and stubble land of naked oats’ wind erosion. The soil grain is hang shift in wood and grassland’s wind erosion.4. The wind corrade of differ underlying surfaces’ research express that in bottomland , the erosion of no-tillage of vegetable land is the most, it is 504.02 g/m2, the second is the stubble land of corn and plough land, the stubble land of naked oats. This is consistent withformer result. It sufficiency approve the domino offect of reduce the wind erosion at the stubble land of naked oats and plough land in bottomland. In girder land, expect the woodland is abnormity accretion, etcaeteras is the same current with its corresponding underlying surface.5. Roughness and vegetation coverage is important factor to affect the wind corrade , in bottomland, the roughness of stubble land of naked oats and plough land is great, and both of them are not markedness. The stubble land of corn and no-tillage of vegetable land’s roughness is less and they are separately markedness with else three managements. In girder land, the stubble land of naked oats> plough land^ grassland’s roughness is greater and they are not markedness each other. Woodland’s roughness is the least, because woods cover wind. In bottomland, the vegetation coverage of stubble land of naked oats, the no-tillage of vegetable land’s is the least, its vegetation coverage is nought. In girder land, the vegetation coverage of grassland and woodland is more, the plough land’s is least. The containing water oftopsoih Soil proportion Soil rigidity are not markedness interfix.6. In wind erosion sediment, slender grain and powder grain’s content occupy over 80%. This indicates that remoteness grain which contain abundant nutrition element. In bottomland, wind erosion sediment of plough land’s hydrolyze azote is 48.80% more than its corresponding furrow floor’s. Stubble land of naked oats’s is 47.02% more than its, stubble land of corn’s is 76.56% more than its, no-tillage of vegetable land’s is 81.57% more than its. In girder land, wind erosion sediment of plough land’s is 69.25% more than its corresponding furrow floor’s. Stubble land of naked oats’s is 84.66% more than its, grassland’s is 93.01% more than its, woodland’s is 57.45% more than it’s. The organic and nutrient in wind erosion is more than in topsoil.更多还原