评美国贸易法上的“421条款”

【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 盛建明；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际法学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 随着中国加入世界贸易组织,进一步融入世界经济一体化的同时,中国在入世谈判过程中所作的承诺开始生效。其中有一项即为“特定产品过渡性保障机制”,根据此规定,其他 WTO 成员有权专门针对中国发起特殊保障措施调查。各国纷纷依此制定相应国内法,美国是世界上最早专门针对中国采取保障措施立法的国家,其相关法律规定和做法在很大程度上成为其他国家制定针对我国相关法律的“范本”,主要体现在美国《1974 年贸易法》中的 421 节、422 节和 423节,统称为“421 条款”。中国入世后的短短 5 年内,美国 ITC 依据该条款对我国发起了 6 起特保措施调查,对其中 4 起作出了肯定裁决,虽然最后都被总统最终否决实施特保措施,但随着中美贸易逆差的持续和加大,以及美国国内保护主义势力的加压,无疑美国会更频繁地利用“421 条款”对中国发起特保措施调查,对中国出口施压。因此,积极认真研究美国贸易法“421 条款”的规定,并通过分析相关案例,总结美国司法实践中对这一制度的运用,对于我国制定相应的应对策略,趋利避害,显得尤为重要和紧迫。本文拟在对美国贸易法上保障措施立法史的考察的基础上,重点对“421 条款”的内容进行实证和法律分析,鉴于“421 条款”与“201 条款”、“406 条款”在立法和实践中存在千丝万缕的联系,并一起构成美国贸易法上的保障措施体系。因此,笔者拟结合美国贸易法中的这两个保障措施条款,对“421 条款”的进行比较分析讨论,并总结该条款于我国之利弊,进而从趋利避害的角度提出我国应对“421 条款”的策略。更多还原

【Abstract】 As China’s entry into WTO, it has further integrated into the global economy,while the promise China has made under WTO has taken into effect, and one of themis the “transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism”, regulated in protocol onthe accession of the people’s republic of china.According to this, other WTO members has the right to take safeguard measuresspecifically towards Chinese imported products, and the WTO members take this intotheir national law in order to make this system implementable. The United States isthe first country to make national law on Chinese specific product safeguard measures,which, to great degree, is the example of other nations’ relevant legislation. Thisspecial safeguard measure is mainly regulated in “the Trade Act of 1974”, i.e. Section421, 422, and 423 under the Chapter 12,Part 2- Relief From Market Disruption toIndustries and Diversion of Trade to the United States Market. We call them “421Clause” as a whole.Only five years after China being a WTO member, The United States haslaunched 6 special safeguard investigations towards Chinese imported productsaccording to “421 Clause”, among which, 4 were concluded with an affirmativedetermination by ITC. Although the President at last overruled these determinationsand decided not to take special measures on Chinese products, the expansion of theadverse balance of trade deficit will make the application of the Clause more often,and this will take great negative effect on Chinese export. Therefore, it is particularlynecessary and essential for China to make a deep research on “421 clause” andrelevant cases, get more knowledge about the judicial application, and figure outcorresponding countermeasures.This dissertation is going to focus on the specific regulations of “421 Clause”,based on the overview of the safeguard measures system in American Trade Law of1974, which consists of “201 Clause”,”406 Clause” and “421 Clause”. After that, itwill summaries the advantages and disadvantages of the Clause towards China, andprovide advice for Chinese practices in order to reduce the adverse effect of theClause.更多还原