【作者】 徐飞；

【导师】 水仁德；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 基础心理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 认知心理学在分析特定的认知加工方面取得了大量的进步和卓有成效的成果,但是关于指导或控制这些加工的机制的研究还相对薄弱。任务转换作为当前研究控制机制的重要范式为我们了解执行控制和自动控制过程以及它们之间的相互关系提供了可能。任务转换研究的焦点问题是关于转换代价来源的解释,即转换代价在多大程度上反应执行控制和自动控制的作用,对转换代价复杂原因的解释有助于我们了解任务转换中的年龄效应、脑损伤行为和个体差异现象。 Myeong-Ho Sohn和John R Anderson认为准备可以通过给被试任务类型的前行信息而得到,它的效应反映内源性执行控制的影响。在他们2001年的研究中,在有前行信息和没有前行信息两种水平下对准备效应进行了考察,但他们的研究只是涉及了有前行信息和没有前行信息两种水平下的差异,主要关注的是随后任务的准备效应即执行控制的影响,没有考察随后任务的自动激活对转换代价的影响。 本研究通过前行信息来控制被试对随后任务的准备水平,以考察在不同的准备水平下执行控制和自动控制在任务转换中的作用。通过控制任务2的前行信息,从即将到来任务的刺激中分离出任务类型信息和刺激位置信息。在有任务类型的前行信息条件下,被试能够在刺激之前呈现对任务进行内源性准备,主要反映执行控制对任务转换的影响;而在有刺激位置的前行信息条件下,关于刺激的位置信息能够引发外源性的自动激活,这一部分准备与随后任务刺激引发的自动控制有关。 本研究的结论如下: (1) 转换代价是由两个成分组成的,一种成分是对随后任务的准备,也就是转换代价中的执行控制成分;另一种成分是先前任务设置持续激活的启动和干扰,这一成分主要反映转换代价中的自动控制过程;而随后任务的引发的自动激活对转换代价没更多还原

【Abstract】 While cognitive psychology has made substantial progress in recent years in analyzing particular cognitive processes, much less progress has been made with regard to the mechanisms that guide or control theses processes. Task switching as an important paradigm in the study of control mechanisms provides a possible method for investigating some aspects of these controls. Source of switch cost is a key issue in the study of task switching. Progress in disentangling the complex causation of switch cost is necessary to interpret the effects of ageing, behaviors of brain damage and individual differences in task switching.Myeong-Ho Sohn and John R Anderson think task preparation can be achieved by giving people foreknowledge that they will perform a special task: its effects reflect endogenous executive control. They investigate the prepare effects with foreknowledge and with no foreknowledge. But their study only investigates the difference between with foreknowledge and with no foreknowledge and mainly focuses the executive control but not automatic control of the upcoming task.We manipulate foreknowledge about the upcoming task to control participants’ prepare levels and examine the roles of executive control and automatic control in task switching. In our study, foreknowledge about the upcoming task includes the task type information and stimulus location information. In task type foreknowledge condition, participant can prepare for the task before stimulus presentation: its effects reflect endogenous executive control. In stimulus location foreknowledge condition, location of the stimuli can incur the exogenous activation: its effects associated with automatic control mechanism. The following conclusions could be drawn from our experiments:(1) There may be two components to the switch cost: one associated with preparation for the upcoming task through executive control and the associated with persisting activation of previous task-set through automatic control. The automatic activation incurred by the upcoming task has no effect on the switch cost.(2) In adequate preparation condition, residual cost primarily reflects the persisting activation of previous task-set. Prepare levels have no effect on the residual cost.(3) In inadequate preparation condition, prepare levels have effect on the endogenous preparation for a new task through executive control and not on persisting activation of previous task-set through automatic control.(4) Although foreknowledge allows preparation for both repeated and switched tasks, task switching has benefits over repeating the same task. The foreknowledge about task type has effect on switch cost but not about stimulus location.(5) There is an additive TSR process in switched tasks, but not in repeated tasks.更多还原