【作者】 高立；

【导师】 王彩波；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 政治学理论， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 写下这个题目,得稍微做一点解释,更确切地说,我是第一次读柏克的专著。国人闻柏克之名久矣,然而,往往只是以“保守”、“反动”视之,前两年域外有论者批判中国“全面的保守主义”,却奇怪的是以国人很少读过其论著的柏克为主要靶子。也许是我孤陋寡闻,直到见到由何兆武先生翻译的这本《法国革命论》出版,我还一直没有见到过他的单本中文译著,只是见过收在西方美学文论集中的《对崇高观念和优美观念之起源的哲学研究》,以及新近才发表的蒋庆译出《柏克论立法谨慎》的片断文字。在20 世纪多次的翻译热潮中,国人唯独对柏克冷落,从中也许可以从某个侧面反映出我们的思想和精神状况。无论如何,在我看来,现在这本译著的问世,不仅为我们填补了一个翻译上的空白,而且弥补了我们思想视野上的一个重要缺憾。柏克以英国为例,认为自由乃是我们得自祖辈的一项遗产,是在尊重传统的基础上通过渐进争取和改进得来的。它并不割断我们的亲情和信仰纽带。凡是从不前回顾自己祖先的人,也不会向后瞻望子孙后代。而懂得保守那些真正有价值的东西的人,也才是真正懂得自由。自由也不是那种颠倒和改变事物自然秩序的一律平等。一切事情都应当开放,但并不是对每一个人都毫无区别。甚至于,从默默无闻的状况到荣名显赫的道路不应该弄得太容易,即便有罕见的才能,也最好经过某种困难的磨练和斗争的验证。他认为人们在热衷于普遍权利理论的时候,不能全然忘记人性,忘记人的自然差别。更多还原

【Abstract】 Burke not only is a positive promising political activist, moreover is "only for the substantive free realistic security" the political theoretician which but cogitation. Burke the England constitutional government special experience promotes for the political civilization universal principle. Acton said that, " Burke seeks each kind of principle, but, in him had not considered when to concrete environmental condition, he cannot let these principles control him. Preserved the space in he that broad mind world for the opposite principle, by suits the dissimilar condition. He does not want to let the universal principle making absolute and to overrule any other considerations. He carefully estimates any type requirements of environment any principle. This is Burke has the difference root with others. Burke brains are a history, but is not systematic. He ever does not abandon the theory, but the acknowledgement theory only should use in solving the problem, only then is good with the matter union. Burke also studies the philosophy, but ever does not let the captive which oneself becomes the abstract thought. He be locallies born under England’s system, but has become the philosophy this system to his hand in. He truth generalization which contains this system. This truth is the national custom, experiences according to the older generation faces forward -is the development but is not the innovation." Burke pays great attention to the theory and the practice discrimination; He is skilled in the actual business and undertakes the direct responsibility to the actual business, said regarding him, the actual result and the effect are all more important than any theory principle, "discovered one of one kind of wrong theory methods, is compares it with the practice. This is the examination about the human and the human thing all theories touchstones." Burke for any only does not have the abstract ideology creed to be puzzled, he did not believe human’s rationality can discover the complete truth; He pointed out that, "Any political creed value, is decided in the very great degree by its actual result. The political issue concern relation mainly is not the genuine and fake question, their concern relation is the good and evil question. That kind very possibly gives birth the wicked result the thing, is in politics ’ the vacation ’, can facilitate the friendly result the thing, is in politics ’ really ’." Burke believed, the revolution or the reform faces the true political issue is not the abstract right question, but is the authority whether abuses with the authority operation way question. The English history evolution biggest achievement is the constitutional government system. The English honorable revolution establishes by no means newly founds a nation the principle, since but has been reiterated the middle ages "Big Charter" the constitutional government principle and the free tradition. Cornerstone of the English constitutional government, one is property rights, one protects the power for the person; The safeguard property rights and the personal rights are short the national violation constitutional government management, is the authority keeps in balance; Only then the different political influence contends with in the constitution system scope only then can the standard authority not exceed distance. The English constitutional government operation depends on King Yu and the parliamentary two big fissions is two ruling cliques’ unwise cooperation, they all respect the constitution, the respect constitutional government tradition, has struggle of the authority which controls is England rules outstanding person’s valuable quality, also is the driving force which the English constitutional government grows. "The compromise is the political soul". This is balances the regime the significance: "Each legislative power abusing, none who does not receives resists in and it opposition another legislative power. "Burke said that, "Awards the political authority when the consideration, the genuine statesman pays attention the only question is, how can more or less lands on feet the beneficial restriction and the unwise guidance." The freedom is, is free is "society’s freedom which close unites with the constitutional government order. This kind of society’s freedom is one kind of condition, in this kind of condition, is free is realizes through the equal limit." The freedom has in the crevice which faces one another in the different influence, if an influence eliminated other influences, freely on has not found a place to live the institute. Looked like in the cypress gram that, free "by fills the wisdom the rigorous law to determine, and by constructs the good a series of systems to safeguard", the freedom if "does not relate with the government, relates with the public strength, and obeys with the army discipline relates, relates with the fair effective tax revenue, relates with the morals and the religion, with relates in plenty with the wealth, relates with peace and the order, relates with resident’s life style and society’s manners and customs", is free in no way can exist for a long time. Burke life-long by opposed each autocracy the whig party person considered oneself as, he did not oppose all revolutions, the revolution should be "has the thought and the good people" the revolt is unable to endure and not to have "the means which any improvement hope the tyranny finally has to", because the revolution is the free enemy, "each revolutionizes inevitably allcontains hides certain is being evil". Anybody all has no right the living humanity to treat as the test piece. But, Burke also believed that, in a great nation, revolutionizes the result from not to be accidental, not result from people’s doing as one pleases; "Populace’s dissatisfaction once everywhere obviously, then we fully have the reason to assert, this was the system had the big problem or the government behavior had big shortcoming Dou." Therefore, "carries on the revolution is one kind first needs to make the explanation the action, carried on the revolution to break the national through the ages condition, was engaged in the so intense movement to have to have the unusual reason." I believed that, Burke is a character which the Chinese intellectual circle most should not ignore, he to the English constitution system and the political philosophy precise and appropriate elaboration not only is the political wisdom fountainhead, moreover is the political reform warning example. Just like John Morley said that, the degree of thoroughness is a Burke big merit. Burke endures in the thought family history position and Hayek matches , they all are the conservative liberalism initiator; Hayek bragged is Burke consistent opposition each kind acts arbitrarily the authority incurable old splendor standard The human, take guards the European civilization the market order as an own duty, but loyal and devoted whig party spokesperson Burke resists the French Revolution furiously the torrential flood, perseveres the European civilization the political order and the political tradition, in his mind, the constitutional government system is the English nationality most important most valuable wisdom creation, is God kindly bestows humanity’s greatest happiest gift.更多还原