【作者】 廖富林；

【导师】 颜幼平； 罗颂伟；

【作者基本信息】 广东工业大学 ， 环境工程， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 梅州明山煤矿已有50多年的开采历史,在开采过程中形成的固体废弃物煤矸石堆积成山,它不仅压占大量土地,破坏矿区自然景观,而且引发矿区水土流失和生态恶化。本研究以明山矿区煤矸石山为研究区,通过添加先锋植物种和乡土植物,改良土壤理化性质,以期缩短植被演替进程,加快矸石山的生态重建进程,并对植物种群生长规律、适宜的植物种类、植物种群合理配置及结构等进行研究,为当地甚至南方煤矸石山植被恢复与生态重建提供理论与实践依据。 本研究以恢复生态学、植物分类学和环境工程学的理论为基础,通过野外调查,实地测定样方,土壤化学分析,计算综合优势比和物种多样性,从中筛选耐性植物,从建造先锋植被、改良基质方面提出明山煤矿废弃地植被重建体系和模式。研究结果表明:该地自然定居植物共64种,隶属于30科59属。主要包括禾本科(10种)、菊科(7种)、豆科(5种)。全部定居植物中,1～2年生草本植物29种,多年生草本植物13种,木本植物18种,藤本植物4种。风播种子和果实是废弃地上植物繁殖体的主要来源。废弃地植物形成了一些相对稳定的单种斑块和小群落,这些小群落组成、结构简单,物种多样性总体水平偏低。五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、猪屎豆(Crotalaris mucronata)、艾蒿(Artemisia argyi)等可在煤矿废弃地上成功定居,并成为这些植被中的优势种,可作为废弃地植被恢复治理的优先选用物种。群落存在着由草丛向灌草丛、灌木林演替的趋势;随着废弃地植物群落的形成与演替,群落的物种丰富度不断增大,多样性指数逐渐呈增加趋势。废弃地的坡向和坡度也是影响植物定居的重要因子。耐贫瘠、广布性植物如五节芒、荻芦竹(Arumdo donax)、艾蒿、小飞蓬(Comnyza canadensis)及豆科杂草猪屎豆、鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)等是煤矸石堆植被恢复重建的先锋植物,它们在群落中综合优势比较大,对植被重建和群落演替起决定性作用;许多一年或多年生草本植物,如白茅(Irrrperata cylindrica)、小飞蓬、猪屎豆等先锋植物的成功定居,为驳骨丹(Buddleja asiatica)等灌木的入侵创造了条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 There is a history of over 50 years for exploitation in Mingshan Coalmine. Meizhou. The coal piles formed during the process of exploitation have not only occupied much land, destroyed natural landscape, but caused water and soil erosion and ecological degradation as well. In this study, we selected waste coal pile in Mingshan as testing area. We tried to improve the physical and chemical character through adding pioneer plants and native plants, and accelerate the process of vegetation succession and ecological re-establishment. We also investigated growth patterns of plant population, optimal species, reasonable disposition and structure for plant population in order to provide the theoretic and practical basis for vegetation recovery and ecological re-establishment in Meizhou and other areas in South China.This study based on theory of restoration ecology, plant taxonomy and environmental engineering. We selected tolerant plants through field investigation, spot survey, soil chemical analysis, pot experiment, and calculating summed dominance ratio and plant diversity, and then put forward the re-establishment system and pattern in the aspect of pioneer vegetation construction and soil improvement.The results shown that there were 64 species of natural colonized plants on the wasteland, which are subordinate to 30 families and 59 genera. The main families are Gramineae (10 species), Compositae (7 species), Leguminosae (5 species). Among all the colonized plants, there are 29 annual and biennial herbs, 13 perennial herbs, 4 lianas and 18 woody plants. Wind-spread seeds and fruits are main resource of propagula in the wasteland. There formed some relatively steady mono-species patches and micro-communities in the wasteland. These micro-communities have simple composition and structure and low species diversity. Miscanthus floridulus, Crotalaria mucronaia and Artemisia argyi could colonize successfully and were dominant species in the vegetation that can be used as firstly selected plants for vegetation recovery in the coalmine wasteland.There is community succession tendency from grass to mixed grass-shrub andthen to shrub community, and species richness and diversity index arise with this succession. The slope direction and degree of wasteland are important factors affecting plant colonization. The plants that are tolerant of barrenness and distribute widely, e.g. Miscamthus floridulus, Arundo donaxl, Artemisia argyi, Comnyza Canadensis, Crotalaris mucronata, and Kummerowia striata, are pioneer plants for vegetation recovery in coal piles. They have high summed dominance ratio and take crucial action on vegetation recovery and community succession. Many pioneer plants including annual and perennial herbs, e.g. Imperata cylindrical, Comnyza Canadensis, and Crotalaris mucronata colonize successfully to provide conditions for colonization of shrubs, e.g. Buddleja asiatica.更多还原