【作者】 张忠明；

【导师】 栾立明；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 农业是一个基础产业,同时又是一个弱质产业。当前我国农业正处于传统农业向现代农业发展的过渡阶段,农业基础设施、农业科学技术的现代化程度不断提高,但难以预料的自然灾害和市场风险不时威胁着农业发展进程,农业发展客观上需要通过农业保险来转移风险。尤其是中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)以后,对农业的保护将在很大程度上被限定于非价格保护,而农业保险已是国际上最重要的非价格保护农业的工具之一,世界贸易组织有关协议明确规定政府可在财政上参与农业保险以支持本国农业。将发展现代农业保险重新作为重要的议事日程,建立和完善适合我国国情的农业保险体系,对于进一步增强农业抵御灾害能力,确保农村稳定与发展具有积极的现实意义。 世界上各个国家都十分重视农业保险。各国政府把农业保险视为农村救济、农业贷款、农产品价格保护、农民福利等政策的一部分,来稳定农业生产,增加农民收入。而且,大多数国家都由政府制定和实施农业保险计划,注入资金,负担全部或部分农业保险经营管理费,对投保农户费给予一定的补贴;发生重大灾害时,政府还给予一定的补助。与此同时,许多国家为弥补市场机制配置资源的缺陷,纷纷通过立法来增加政府干预农业保险的能力,以保证农业保险的顺利开展。1938年,美国率先颁布《联邦农作物保险法》。此后,许多国家相继立法。加拿大于1959年通过和颁布了《农作物保险法》。日本于1929年,1938年和1947年颁布三部有关农业保险法,即《家畜保险法》、《农业保险法》和《农业灾害补偿法》。1978年9月,菲律宾总统签发了《关于成立菲律宾农作物保险公司的总统令》,亦即《农作物保险法》。 与国外农业保险相比,我国农业保险自20世纪80年代初恢复试办以来,发展比较缓慢。目前,我国农业保险的经营不论是从法律建设、环境治理还是从保险主体的培育、保险模式的创建、财政税收的扶持等方面,都不能满足农业经济不断发展的需求。所有这些都为农业保险课题留下了很大的研究空间和探索余地。 本论文以概率论的大数法则为基础,以福利经济学理论,外部性理论,公共物品理论以及信息不对称理论为指导,采用比较分析、历史分析、逻辑分析、统计分析等方法,对我国农业保险体系存在的问题及其成因进行了全面、系统的研究,主要内容包括以下几个方面: 1、对我国农业保险的研究背景、发展战略意义进行分析,进而从农业保险对农业发展作用的角度出发阐述了农业保险对农业生产者、农业再生产、农业科技进步、农业产业化发展的重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agriculture is a foundation industry, at the same time, it is also a feeble constitution industry. At present agriculture in our country is being in the transitional stage from traditional agriculture to modern agricultural development. The degree of modernization of agricultural infrastructure ,science and technology are enhanced unceasingly, but unexpected natural disasters and market risks often threaten advancement of agricultural development. Agricultural development objectively need transfer risks through agricultural insurance. Especially after China joined in World Trade Organization (WTO), the protection of agriculture is defined to the non-price protection in a great degree, but agricultural insurance have already been one of the most important tools of non-price protection of agriculture on international. Related agreement of World Trade Organization explicitly stipulated that governments can participate in agricultural insurance in finance to support their country agriculture. Taking development of modern agricultural insurance into important agenda again, establishing and consummating agricultural insurance system which suits our national condition have positive and practical significance to further strengthening agricultural ability of disasters’ resistance and guaranteeing stable development of rural areas.Each country takes agricultural insurance seriously in the world. The various countries’ governments regard agricultural insurance as one part of the policies of countryside relief, agriculture loan, price protection of agricultural products, farmers’ welfare and so on to stabilize agricultural production and increase the farmers’ income. Moreover, majority countries all by governments formulate, implement plans of agricultural insurance, pour into fund, bear all or partial management fees of agricultural insurance, and give certain subsidies to peasant households’ expenses; When there are significant disasters, the governments also give certain subsidies. At the same time, many countries for making up the market mechanism flaws of disposition resources, all increase the governments’ ability of intervening agricultural insurance through legislation to guarantee smooth development of agricultural insurance. In 1938, America took the lead to promulgate "Federation Crops Law of Insurance". Hereafter, many countries legislated one after another. Canada passed and promulgated "Crops Law of Insurance" in 1959. Japan in 1929, 1938 and 1947 promulgated three related agricultural laws of insurance, namely "Domestic Animal Law of Insurance", "Agricultural Law of Insurance" and "Agricultural Disaster Compensation Laws". In September, 1978, Philippine president signed and issued "Presidential Order of Establishing Philippine Crops Insurance Company", that is "Crops Law of Insurance".Compared with overseas agricultural insurance, agricultural insurance in our country has developed slowly since agricultural insurance was restored and set up as an experiment at the beginning of 1980s. At present, management of agricultural insurance in our country no matter is from the legal construction, environmental government, insurance main body cultivation, insurance pattern foundation, financial and tax revenue support and so on, all cannot meet the needs, which agricultural economy develops unceasingly. All these have leftbehind very big research space and exploration leeway for agricultural insurance topic.This paper takes theory of probability law of averages as a foundation, takes welfare economics theory, exterior theory, public goods theory as well as theory of asymmetric information as instruction, uses methods of comparative analysis, historical analysis, logic analysis, statistical analysis and so on, and carries on researches comprehensively and the systematically on existing problems of agricultural insurance system and its origins in our country. Main contents include following several aspects:1 n Carry on analysis to research background and developmental strategy significance of agriculture insurance in our country, then elaborate the vital role to agricultural producer, agricultural reproduction, agricultural advance in science and technology and agricultural industrial production development from the angle of the agricultural insurance’s role to the agricultural development.2^ On the base of analyzing theory bases of developing agriculture insurance, agricultural insurance’s concept is defined. The agricultural insurance is born in general insurance principles of property insurance and life insurance, but until now about agricultural insurance’s definition, the world insurance academic circle still does not have unit saying. In order to be convenient for this paper’s study, the paper divides agricultural insurance into generalized and the narrow sense, and defines agricultural insurance in this paper in the narrow sense agricultural insurance, thus summaries agricultural insurance’s characteristics.3 > Carry on analyses to current situation, problems and origins of agricultural insurance system in our country. As early as in 1930s, our country once carried on agricultural insurance experiments. In 1982, two years latter after internal commercial insurance recovery of business, agricultural insurance experiments are made start afresh in our country, continuously to present. In short more than twenty years, agricultural insurance in our country restored, started, moved towards the prosperity, in 1993 suddenly declined, and until now has took on the situation that it has comprehensively withered. The concrete manifestations are the large scale drop of insurance premium income, gradual reduction of objects insured every year, the rapid shrinking of insurance organizations, the career change of jobholders in abundance and the depth insured to reduce unceasingly. These reasons both come from the insurance companies’ aspect-supply factors and from the farmers’ aspect-demand factors, at the same time they also have governments’ factors. Insurance companies’ aspect: First, insurance companies’ commercial characters and no profit of agricultural insurance compromise with difficulty; Second, calculation system of insurance company and management principles of agricultural insurance form a complete set with difficulty; Third, paying damages’ rate of agricultural insurance is too high and insurance companies lose money seriously; Forth, management work’s difficulties of agricultural insurance are big; Finally, supply main body of agricultural insurance is unitary and insurance premium and safe varieties do not adapt to farmers’ demand. Farmers’ aspect: Premium rate of agricultural insurance is excessively high and farmers realize their effective demand with difficulty; Farmers’ insurance consciousness is light and they have lucky psychology; Farmers still have strong dependence on government’s relief, which are the most main three reasons that farmers are not willing to buy agricultural insurance. Agricultural insurance supplies of insurance company are insufficient;Farmers are unable to realize effective demand of agricultural insurance; Supply and demand are unbalanced. To all these, government has responsibilities which cannot be shirked. Therefore factors in government’s aspect mainly manifest in: Agricultural insurance’s legislation seriously lags; Financial support is far insufficient; Reduction of tax revenue is very little.4^ In view of problems and their origins of agriculture insurance system in our country, the countermeasures are designed to consummate our country’s agriculture insurance system. The overseas agricultural insurance, especially in developed countries has a long development history and their successful experiences and procedures have provided much beneficial enlightenment for our country. Therefore on the base of the model of overseas agriculture insurance, the concrete countermeasures of consummating our country’s agricultural insurance system are proposed in this article. First, although our country agricultural insurance extant management patterns have some merits, they display enormous unsuitability along with thorough reform of socialist market economy system in our country. This article proposes that agricultural insurance management pattern that fits national condition of our country must be established, namely commercial insurance company management pattern under government’s leadership must be established. Second, according to the pattern the following countermeasures are proposed: Formulate and promulgate " Law of Agricultural insurance" as soon as possible; Collect the fund in every way and give agricultural insurance essential financial subsidy and tax revenue preferential benefit; Increase the agricultural insurance propaganda and enhance the farmers’ consciousness of insurance; Enhance the level of farmers’ income and strengthen the ability that farmers buy agricultural insurance; Strengthen specialized talents’ fostering of agricultural insurance and establish a qualified troop of agricultural insurance to guarantee agricultural insurance stable development.更多还原