超高产杂交稻两优培九及其亲本衰老过程中剑叶光能转化特性的细胞生物学性状研究

【作者】 周泉澄；

【导师】 陈国祥；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 植物学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 以全展后的两优培九剑叶为研究对象,同时期的父本9311和母本培矮64S为对照,对两优培九、父本9311和母本培矮64S在衰老进程中不同时期剑叶的光能转化功能特性、膜脂脂肪酸成分变化及叶片超微结构变化进行了研究,揭示了剑叶整个衰老过程中细胞水平上的一些变化的规律。结果显示: 一、三材料净光合速率呈前期上升中后期下降。呼吸速率的变化为前期较低,中期稍有上升,但后期差异较大。两优培九在光能转化上有一定的超亲优势。两优培九的PSⅠ、PSⅡ电子传递活性在整个剑叶生长期间都是最高的,其次是父本,母本最低。从遗传角度看,两优培九在光能转化方面,更倾向于父本,而受母本影响则相对较小。 二、膜脂脂肪酸不饱和指数是一个比较有意义的指标。两优培九、父本9311和母本培矮64S不同部位脂肪酸不饱和指数呈起始和最后略低,中间稍高的趋势。意味着在植物膜脂成分中,不饱和脂肪酸的含量对维持膜的正常生理功能有着重要的作用,饱和脂肪酸含量的提高往往不利于植物的生长发育,这可能与膜的流动性能有关。整个剑叶生长期间,脂肪酸中14:0、16:0和18:1的含量变化基本呈上升趋势;而16:1、18:2和18:3则是呈现下降趋势。膜脂脂肪酸不饱和指数的下降主要是由于上三种脂肪酸下降所致。两优培九三数据的变化比较平稳。结构上的稳定意味着可以保持功能上的稳定,两优培九可以在叶片水平上长时间的保持的净光合速率及呼吸速率的稳定与此有相当大的关系。这为两优培九长时间的积累同化产物,提高最终产量提供了结构上的保证。两优培九在膜脂脂肪酸成分上与双亲的遗传关系与母本更为相似。 三、细胞及叶绿体结构观测表明:剑叶生长早期,细胞内叶绿体多呈狭长形或椭圆形,数目较多。细胞核体积较小,核膜核孔清晰,核内核质浓密而均匀。随着生长进程的加深,叶绿体体积出现增大,内部类囊体膜基粒片层部分模糊不清,淀粉粒变大,同时出现嗜锇滴。但此时细胞核与线粒体没有出现较大的变化。在剑叶衰老后期叶绿体已经膨大,基粒片层松散紊乱,嗜锇滴数目增多,体积增大,线粒体减少,内部出现空泡化;细胞核的体积增大,核膜出现消融,核孔扩大,核质疏松,并向外散逸。两优培九在光合能力上有一定的结构优势:一、细胞内叶绿体数目较多,基粒更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper studied the unfolded leaves of Liangyoupeijiu and it’s parents during senescence. The changes of the ultrastmcture of leave cells, and the characters of light energy transformation, antioxidation, and components of membance lipid acid were investigate. The results showed as follows:The net photosynthetic rate rose in prophase and dropped in anaphase. The respiration rate was lowered in prophase and ascended in metaphase. There were obvious differences in anaphase. The speed of light energy transformation of Liangyoupeijiu was markedly higher than that of it’s parents. The electron transfer activities of PSI and PSII of Liangyoupeijiu were best of all, the father was in the next place and mother was the lowest. From the point of view of the descendiblity, Liangyoupeijiu was more inclined to it’s father than it’s mother.IUFA is a mean index. IUFA in different part was lower in prophase and anaphase but higher in metaphase. It means that IUFA was important to maintain normal physiological function of membrane. The contents of 14:0, 16:0, 18:1 in the fatty acid ascended and those of 16:1,18:2,18:3 descended. Declining of IUFA mostly cause from declining of the contents of16:l, 18:2, 18:3. The IUFA change of Liangyoupeijiu was smooth. This was the reason that Liangyoupeijiu keep stabilization of function and increase it’s yield . From the point of view of the descendiblity, Liangyoupeijiu was more inclined to it’s mother than it’s father on the fatty acid.In the prophase of functional leaves , the chloroplast in the cell was oval or narrow shape and more number. The volume of cell nucleus was small, karyotheca and nuclear pore was clear, The karyoplasms in nucleus was dense and uniformity. With time runs, the volume chloroplast was enlarged, the thlylakoid membrane was illegibility and starch grain was larger in volume .The nucleolus and mitochondria were no change at this point. Lamella of chloroplast was turbulent in the anaphase of leaves senescence. The nucleolus was large in volume . Number of mitochondria was reduced. Karyoplasm was given out of nucleus. Liangyoupeijiu had it’s dominance on structure for light energy transformation: firstly,the number of chloroplast in cell wasmore than it’s parents. And the number of lamella was more too. Secondly, The structure of nucleus was integrate comparatively in during the leaves senescence. The symptoms of senescence of nucleus appeared later than it’s parents. It means Liangyoupeijiu has longer assimilation time than it’s parents. Liangyoupeijiu was closer to it’s father in structure.更多还原