团体动机获得：K(?)hler效应的实验研究

【作者】 卢愿清；

【导师】 杨韶刚；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 O.K(?)hler是德国知名的社会心理学家,他在一个运动俱乐部进行了一项社会实验(1926、1927),研究发现:当小团体从事联合性任务时,其中低能力个体的动机水平会有所提升(K(?)hler动机获得效应);并且,当个体间的能力差异为中等水平时,低能力个体的动机提升值最大(K(?)hler差异效应)。但长期以来这一研究成果一直为人们所忽视,没有得到研究者们的足够重视。直到近年来,才重新回到人们的视野之中。K(?)hler效应的重新发掘和研究在西方心理学界还处于起步阶段,在中国尚无这方面的研究。 本研究的首要目的就是在中国的文化背景下对这一西方心理学研究成果进行验证。在验证的同时,也力图有所创新,以便进一步扩展这项研究的内涵和外延。实验选用了少年组(13～15岁)样本,并把实验法和测量法结合起来,以期能够更为全面地对K(?)hler效应做出更为完整的描述。 本研究选用了初中二年级的学生作为研究对象,实验一采用2×2×2设计,对外部条件控制较少,实验情境与现实生活较为贴近,允许被试之间进行交流,允许被试休息时相互聚集,被试的分组也是随机的,虽然设定了竞争的场景,但并未给予物质激励,以期能够获得较好的外部效度。研究结果发现:K(?)hler动机获得效应在实验一中得以验证,但K(?)hler差异效应却未能得以实现。 实验二中,采用2×2×3实验设计,对被试间的信息沟通及其它因素给予了一定的限定,并在实验后对所有被试进行了一次心理测量。实验结果表明,个体在联合任务下要比在单独任务条件下更加努力,且这种努力提升的程度是随着合作伙伴间的能力差异程度而变化的,当个体间的能力差异为中等(1.5倍)时,其动机提升值最大。但是,研究没有发现其它心理因素同K(?)hler效应之间的联系。 这样,K(?)hler效应获得了完全验证,说明K(?)hler也是适应我国的社会文化和生活的。K(?)hler效应在我国文化背景下的成功验证对于教育等领域具有一定的启发意义,为以后进一步进行应用性研究打下了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 O. Kohler (1926,1927) found that less able performers tried harder as team members under conjunctive task demands (Kohler motivation gain effect) and that the greatest gain occurred with moderately discrepant coworker abilities (Kohler discrepancy effect). But this research result has been neglected, and did not obtain enough attention of the researchers. Until recent years, Kohler effect just returned to the people’s visual field. Although the research of Kohler effect is at the state of beginning, there are a few recent researches, which have reproduced Kohler effect. But there is no such research in China.Present research choosed subjects from the young (13-15 years old).To explore the relation between the Kohler effect and other factors ,present research took together experimental measure and psychology measurement at the same time .It is the most important goal to examine whether Kohler effect can be found in Chinese culture. In experiment 1 ,the experiment used a 2×2×2 design, 120 students participated the experiment. The result suggested that Kohler overall motivation gain effect was replicated, while the Kohler discrepancy effect was not occurred, that is, the coworkers ’capabilities did not moderate these motivation gains. And the experiment controlled less conditions, the subjects could have a rest and communicate to each other.In experiment 2,present research controlled more conditions ,and after the experiment we carried on a psychology measurement .The experiment used a 2×2×3 design ,133 students participated the experiment ,with more experiment conditions controlled ,both the Kohler motivation gain effect and the Kohler discrepancy effect occurred, suggesting that the Kohler effect also occurred in Chinese culture.Finically, the results suggest that the Kohler effect is also found in Chinese culture. So the Kohler effect is also meaningful to our country’s education.更多还原