论犯罪被害人之国家补偿

【作者】 胡国建；

【导师】 张学军；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 犯罪被害人国家补偿是指被害人在受到犯罪行为侵害而无法从犯罪人处或其他途径获得损害赔偿时由国家设立专项基金依法给予其一定物质帮助的一种社会安全及司法保护制度。早在古巴比伦时期,《汉谟拉比法典》中就已经有了国家补偿犯罪被害人的明确规定。但在封建社会时期,被害人的这一权利被剥夺了。随着人类对犯罪被害人认识的不断深化,尤其是在20世纪被害人运动的推动下,被害人国家补偿制度终于在世界大多数国家得以重新确立。 但是,理论界对犯罪被害人国家补偿的理论基础却依然存在争论。至今主要有社会契约/保护失败理论、风险共担/社会保险理论、社会福利/道义责任理论、政治动机或政治工具理论、社会契约/自治恢复理论。每一种理论都将对国家补偿的目标模式和具体制度构建产生重要影响。 在我国,虽然现实中已经有了对犯罪被害人给予国家补偿的个别做法,但被害人补偿并未制度化和法律化。建立被害人国家补偿制度符合被害人权利保护的发展趋势,对推进我国的人权保障和司法制度产生重要影响。为此,我国应借鉴主要发达国家尤其是美国被害人补偿制度的科学内容,制定一部犯罪被害人补偿法,建构和完善被害人权利的保障制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Crime victim compensation provides government compensation to a victim in circumstances in which a victim has not received or will not receive recompense from an offender or another source for crime-related losses. The most frequently cited authority for current efforts by government to compensate crime victims is the 1775 B.C.Code of Hammurabi of ancient Babylonia. But the early emphasis on victim compensation changed and the right to compensation was denied under the feudality. With the realization on crime Victims especially the promotion of the victim rights movement in 20th century, most countries today have provided compensation to crime victims.But commentators have advanced five rationales to justify government programs compensating crime victims. These are: the social contract/failure to protect theory, the shared risk/insurance theory, the social welfare/moral obligation theory, the political motivation theory, the social contract/autonomy recovering theory. Every theoretical justification will have an great effect on victim compensation programs.In our country, government has compensated victim in some special crimes, but the compensation has not been institutionalized or legalized. The foundation of government compensation programs is in keeping with the trend of protecting crime victim and will improve our criminal justice greatly. So, we should draw lessons from main developed countries’ compensation programs especially from the United States, draw up a Code of Crime Victim Compensation to construct and perfect the system of victim rights protection.更多还原