【作者】 姜妍；

【导师】 魏湜；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 为探讨春小麦稀植栽培可行性及稀植栽培下品种生理特性变化规律,本试验选用八个黑龙江省生产实践中广泛种植、并经过了品种筛选优良品种（品系）,设置三个处理:常规处理（Al）,基本苗600万/hm²,稀植处理（A2、A3）,基本苗450万/hm²、300万/hm²,并在稀植处理下施三叶肥、花期肥,通过田间试验对稀植栽培下春小麦光合生理性状、穗部性状、品质性状、产量及其构成因子进行研究,结果表明: 稀植栽培可使小麦旗叶光合速率提高,各品种旗叶光合速率变化较为一致（A3>A2>A1）,东农125、龙麦20、龙麦29、龙辐10、克丰6的最大值均在20(umolCO₂.m （-2）.s^-1)左右,且东农125、龙麦20、龙麦29在后期光合速率也较高,保持后期有较多光合产物的积累。旗叶的Chl（a+b）和Chl（a/b）变化规律不一致,东农122、龙麦29、龙辐10的Chl（a+b）最大值出现在A3处理,东农125、东农97-4056、克丰6在A2处理下Chl（a+b）达最大值,东农125、龙麦26、东农97-4056、克丰6的Chl（a/b）在A3处理下降幅度较大,Chl（a+b）值大、Chl（a/b）值小的旗叶在后期有较强光合性能,有利于产生较多光合产物。稀植栽培下比叶重也有不同程度提高,东农122、龙麦26、龙麦20、龙麦29在稀植下比叶重明显高于常规处理,东农97-4056比叶重最大值出现在全展后28天左右,在后期能够在旗叶中积累较多的干物质,有利于小麦高产量的形成。在三种处理下旗叶和籽粒的氮素含量的变化呈交叉式,变化规律基本一致,东农122和龙麦29旗叶含氮量分别在A3、A2处理下略高于其他处理,东农125、东农97-4056、龙麦29的籽粒含氮量在稀植处理下高于常规处理的含氮量。 稀植栽培下可延长旗叶功能期和延缓旗叶叶片的衰老,单位叶面积上积累的干物质比较多,为后期籽粒灌浆提供充足的养料。各品种单株叶面积变化趋势在各个时期均表现出A3>A2>A1,叶面积指数变化趋势基本是A1>A2>A3。 稀植栽培可增加收获穗数（83穗）、穗粒数（8.33个）、穗粒重（0.38g）、千粒重（3.99g）、总小穗数（1.48个）、有效小穗数（2.09个）,减少无效小穗数（1.05个）,不同品种对稀植的适应能力亦不同,使品种产量的增加多少有区别,东农97-4056、龙麦29在A3处理下获得高于常规种植产量,可视为适合稀植的品种,东农122、龙麦26在A2处理下获得高于其他处理产量,可视为适于稀植品种,其他为耐稀植品种。 龙麦29和克丰6籽粒蛋白质含量表现为显著增加（A3>A2>A1）,其他品种蛋白质含量差异不大,有关加工品质的参数除在个别品种差异显著外,多数指标差异均不显著,且稀植栽培下蛋白质产量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关,蛋白质含量只与穗粒数呈正相关,湿面筋含量只与穗粒重呈正相关,沉淀值与千粒重呈正相关,与产量均呈负相关,稀植栽培下产量和品质的矛盾依然存在。 供试品种中穗大粒多型——龙麦26、龙麦29两个品种在稀植条件下产量和蛋白质含量的关系协调较好,其次是多穗型——东农97-4056、克丰6和粒重型——东农122、龙麦20,说明适合稀植的品种在产量不降低、甚至提高的前提下,可同步提高品质,最终达到黑龙江省春小麦节本、高产、优质、高效之目的。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to explore the feasibility of low seeding density cultivation on spring wheat in Hei longjiang province and the influences on characters of physiology under low seeding density cultivation, eight spring wheat cultivars （lines） grown in great area in Hei longjiang province which had selected through cultivars characters last year were selected for the experiment. We designed three experimental treatments:Al conventional treatment, had 6 million basic seedings per hectare;A2, A3low seeding density treatment, each had 4.5 and 3.0 million basic seeding per hectare, then compacted in seeding stage and applied fertilization for three leaves stage, fertilization for head sprouting. Photosynthetic physiological characters , spikes characters, quality characters, yield and yield components were stuied by field experiment. The result were summarized as follows:Photosynthetic rate of flag leaf improved under low seeding density cultivation, Change curves of photosynthetic rate of flag leaf among different wheats were same （A3>A2>A1 ）, under low seeding density cultivation, max photosynthetic rate of Dongnong 125, Longmai20, Longmai29, LongfulO, Kefeng6 were about 20(umolCO₂.m^-2.s^-1), and photosynthetic rate of Dongnong 125, Longmai20, Longmai29 were high in the maturity, which had high photosynthetic character of flag leaf in latter period, could produce more photosynthetic outcome. Change tredency of Chl（a+b） and Chl（a/b） of flag leaf were different, Max Chl（a+b）of Dongnong 122, Longmai29, LongfulO were in A3 treatment, Max Chl（a+b）of photosynthetic rate of Dongnong 125, Dongnong97-4056、 Kefeng6 were in A2 treatment, Chl（a/b）of Dongnong 125, Longmai26, Dongnong97-4056, Kefeng6 in A3 treatment delined quikly, bigger Chl（a+b） and less Chl（a/b） of flag leaf had high photosynthetic character of flag leaf in latter period, could produce more photosynthetic outcome. SLW of flag leaf improved differently under low seeding density cultivation, SLW of Dongnong 122, Longmai26, Longmai20, Longmai29 under low seeding density treatment were higher than conventional treatment, max SLW of Dongnong97-4056 was about in 28 days after full expansion, which accumulated much dry matter in flag leaf in latter period, and produced high yield. Nitrogen content of flag leaf and grain changed in the form of intersect under three treatments, change tredency of nitrogen content was same but not obvious, flag leaf nitrogen content of Dongnong 122, Longmai29 was higher under A3, A2 treatments than other treatments separately, grain nitrogen content of Dongnong 125, Dongnong97-4056, Longmai29 was higher under low seeding density treatment than conventional treatment.Under low seeding density cultivation, functional period of flag leaf was long , senescence velocity of flag leaf was low, large matter accumulated per leaf area provided nitrition in grainfilling period, change tredency of LA of single plant of different wheats was A3>A2>A1 and LAI of different wheats was A1>A2>A3 ?Low seeding density cultivation improved harvesting spike number （83 spikes）, number of spike kernel （8.33 kernels）, spike kernel weight （0.38g）, thousand kernel weight （3.99g）, total number of spikelet （1.48）, number of valide spikelet （2.09）, delined number of invalide spikelet （1.05） , Different cultivars adapted themselves to low seeding density differently, which yield increased more and less differently. Dongnong97-4056> Longmai29 under A3 treatment derived highest yield, so they were the cultivars favorable for low seeding density cultivation, Dongnongl22, Longmai26 under A2 treatment obtained highest yield, they were the cultivars fit for low seeding density cultivation, other cultivars were capable of low seeding density cultivation.Grain protein content of Longmai29 and Kefeng6 increased significantly （A3>A2>A1） ,but protein content of other cultivars changed little, in the process quality characters few cultivars was significant, characters of most cultivars were not significant, relation of protein yield and grain yield was positive correlation significantly under low seeding cultivation, relation of protein content and number of spike kernel, content of wet gluten and spike kernel weight, sedimentation value and thousand kernel weight were positive correlation all, these quality characters and yield were negative correlation all, contradiction of yield and quality existed under low seeding cultivation.Relation between yield and protein content of bigger spike and more kernels cultivars ------Longmai26 and Longmai29 harmonized very well, then kernel weight cultivars------Dongnongl22,Longmai20 and more spikes cultivars------Kefeng6, it proved that yield and qulity were able toimprove together by means of harmonizing inner process under low seeding density or improving cultivars, so ultimate aim of cutting down cost, high yield, good quality, beneficial results on spring wheat in Leilongjiang province would come true.更多还原