【作者】 黄勇；

【导师】 拾兵；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 港口、海岸及近海工程， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 高纬度地区河流冬季常形成冰盖、冰塞或冰坝。冰盖、冰塞的出现使水流从明流成为封闭的暗流,改变了水流的水力条件、热力条件和几何边界条件,形成了冬季特有的冰情现象。冰塞和冰坝的危害很大,它们的形成会阻塞水流的过水断面、引起水位上升、淹没农田房屋,使沿岸水工建筑物和构筑物遭到破坏、使航运中断或造成水力发电损失。此外,冰塞可能因堵塞引水口使水厂供水中断。冰塞引发的冲刷可导致河岸及河床的侵蚀,可使鱼类等自然水生动物种群的生态环境遭到破坏并暴露埋于河床下面的设施等等。 随着我国改革开放和经济建设进程的加快,北方的工农业生产日渐发达,因而,凌洪对沿河区域经济发展的影响也愈加突出,开展河冰动力学的相关研究变得非常重要。 本文主要在总结前人已经取得的科研成果的基础上,具体结合我国黄河流域在凌汛期的水文、气候特点,初步建立一套可以应用于黄河凌汛期的输水、输沙水文预报数学模型,并将应用结果与水文资料进行对比。其成果既可以为政府主管部门利用上游水库在凌汛期进行调水、调沙提供科学依据,也可为将来建立综合的河冰动力学数值模式奠定基础: (1) 分析我国黄河流域的冰凌特点,简述凌汛所造成的危害,并具体分析我国黄河地区凌汛灾害普遍的原因及目前的主要预防措施。 (2) 通过分析凌汛期河流综合糙率及冰盖下输水、输沙的具体特点建立针对黄河凌汛期实际的水文预报数学模型。 (3) 用所建立的模型对黄河下游艾山至利津段某年冰冻期河道输水、输沙过程进行了数值模拟,并将数值模拟结果与水文站历史资料进行了对比。 (4) 利用模拟结果,分析不足并提出下一步的完善方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rivers in high latitude areas usually form ice cover, ice jam or ice dam during winters. The traditional open current has turned into covered one by the forming of the ice jam or ice dam, which always changes the conditions of flowing, heat and geometry profiles of the river. Many serious adverse results have been caused by these changes. The forming of ice jam can block the cross sections, make the water level rise up, and submerge houses and farmlands, or even damage the offshore constructions. Besides these, it may interrupt the supply of water plants. The erosion caused by ice jam can deeply affect the deformation of the bed and bank of natural rivers, in where it turns to damage the habitats of fishes and other aquatic and unearth the buried equipments.With the rapid development of our country’s economy since the Opening Policy, the industries and agricultures in north areas are highly developed. For this reason, the menace from ice-flood is even more suffering. So it is high time to carry out the study of hydrodynamic research in river ice dynamics.On the foundation of former results, considering the special hydrology and climate characters of Yellow River drainage basin, a numerical model has been formed for water and sediment transportation, and the simulation results has been compared with field data, which can be used as a decision-making aiding for local governments or support the synthesized models in the future:(1) Analyzing the special characters of Yellow River drainage basin, summarizing the general disadvantages of icy flood, a particular analysis has been made for the reasons of such phenomena and currently measurements for defending.(2) A numerical model has been formed on the ground of particular analysis of general roughness and ice-covered water/sediment transportation in Yellow River during icy periods.(3) The model has been used to a study the reach from Ai Shan to Li Jin for results confirmation with some year’s field data.(4) Based on the analysis of simulation results, the insufficiencies are suggested and a prospect has been made also.更多还原