关于建构中国市民社会的哲学思考

【作者】 马勇；

【导师】 姜涌；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 伴随着以市场为取向的经济体制改革和社会主义市场经济的发展,市民社会的建构在今天的中国可以说已经是一个可欲的目标,对这一问题的探讨也成为理论界的焦点所在。建构市民社会首要的是对“市民社会”这一概念有明晰的界定。“市民社会”是一个源自西方历史经验的概念,其大致经历了三个发展阶段:古典市民社会概念——现代市民社会概念——当代市民社会概念。纵观市民社会概念的演变,并结合中国具体独特的社会背景,可以对市民社会作出如下界定:市民社会是以市场经济为基础,由私人经济领域和社会文化公共领域组成的,相对独立于国家,并与之协调发展的私人自治领域。市民社会的建构从私人经济领域和社会文化公共领域两个方面同时展开。在我国,市民社会的建构不可能重复西方的过程,不可能首先形成私人经济领域,待其充分发展之后,再致力于公共领域中国家与市民社会关系的建构,这不仅是不合理的也是不现实的, 在建构中国市民社会的进程中,有两个关系问题是必须要搞清楚的。第一个就是市场经济与市民社会建构的关系。毫无疑问,市场经济的建立与发展对市民社会的建构发挥着重要作用:市场经济是市民社会建构的经济基础;市场经济促使同质性强的社会解体,培育市民社会主体;市场经济培育市民社会主体的现代意识,塑造着市民社会的意识形态;市场经济讲求竞争、效率,高扬对物质利益的追求,使社会成为与国家相对独立的提供机会和资源的领域,为实现个人和组织的利益提供了广阔空间。然而,市场经济的发展并不必然造就完善的市民社会。市场经济对于当前中国市民社会的建构来说,只是一种必要条件,而非充分条件。首先,作为发展中国家,中国市场经济和市民社会的发生、发展都有着独特的轨迹,市场经济为市民社会发展创造了基本条件之后,其促进作用的再续能力难以保证;而且,实践证明,市场经济并不是始终对市民社会的完善和发展起着关键性作用,市场经济对市民社会两个领域所起的作用不尽相同,它对市民社会公共领域的形成和发展,甚至具有一定的阻碍作用;同时,仅靠市场经济的发展,并不能自发形成市民社会的坚强主体——社会中间阶层。在我国,市场经济虽然为市民社会提供了必要的基础条件,但它不能被作为建构中国市民社会的最关键因素,因此,我们有必要寻求建构市民社会的另一种力量,即政治国家。 第二个关系就是国家与市民社会建构的关系。西方的国家与社会之间存在着明显的分离和对峙,国家与市民社会之间是二元对立的关系,而中国的国家与社会关系有着不同于西方的独特的历史演变和现实表现。在对中国国家与市民社会关系的研究中,从“新权威主义”、“民主先导论”到“强国家—强社会”关系模更多还原

【Abstract】 With the reform of economic system according to market and the development of socialist market economy, the construction of civil society has already became an attainable target in China, and the probing into this problem has also became a focus in theory circles. The first important task to construct civil society is to define the concept of "civil society" explicitly. "Civil society" is a concept that came from the Western history experience, and went through three development stages as follows: classical concept of civil society—neoteric concept of civil society—modem concept of civil society. Scanning the development of the concept, and combining with the concrete and special context of China, we can define "civil society" as: it is a field of private autonomy, which based on market economy, consisting of the field of private economy and the public field of social culture, independent of the state relatively, and developing with it coordinately. The construction of civil society spreads from two aspects, including the field of private economy and the public field of social culture. It is impossible to repeat the course of the West to construct civil society in China, this is irrational and unpractical.In the progress of Chinese civil society’s construction, it is necessary to clarify two relations. The first one is the relation between market economy and the construction of civil society. Undoubtedly, the development of market economy takes an important effect to construct civil society: Market economy is the economic base of civil society; it cultivates the subject of civil society and the modern consciousness of the subject; it stresses competition, efficiency and pursuit to material benefits, which make the society become a field that independent of the state relatively to provide opportunities, resources and a wide space for individuals and organizations to achieve benefits. However, it is not inevitable that the development of market economy can bring up a perfect civil society. Market economy is just a necessary condition rather than a sufficient condition to construct civil society in China. Firstly, as a developing country, the development of both market economy and civil society has an unique track in China. Moreover, in fact, market economy doesn’t take a key role to improve and develop civil society consistently. It even takes a certain hindrance to the form and development of social public field. At the same time, it is impossible to form spontaneously a strong body of civil society—social intermediate stratum.The second relation is the one between state and the construction of civil society. This relation in China is different from the West. All the existed researching on this relation ignore the independence of civil society more or less. However, the relative independent relation between state and civil society, particularly the relative independence of civil society is the premise to understand their relation correctly, and only based on this point, can we realize the development and perfection of civil society really, and build the coordinate relation between state and civil society.State has an important effect on the construction of civil society, but as a relatively external power, state runs into a few of paradoxes in the course of construction. Firstly, due to the character of state power itself and incomplete accuracy of governmental policy, it is difficult for state to hold the limitation of guidance and control, which is expressed by "invalid intervention" and "excessive intervention" of state power to construct civil society, then producing the first paradox. Secondly, the construction of civil society depends on the guidance of state power, but the development of civil society has an inherent logicality, and according to this logicality, civil society’s functions of supervision and restriction to state will be strengthened gradually. Then the second paradox emerges, that is the power subject—state cultivates consciously another thing to restrict the power. Thirdly, the transformation of government functions leads to the part loss of state authority inevitably, which then cause the disintegration of social structure. However, the essence of authority lies in stability. In the sight of maintaining stability, the political structure will return traditional pattern, which forms the third dilemma in the course of civil society’s construction.How to overcome these paradoxes and maintain the relative independence between civil society and state each other? There is no harm in making use of laws to solve these problems. Laws can standardize state and civil society, and make them develop together coordinately. Laws should be made based on the correct understanding of the relation between private right and public right, and complying with two principles as follows: Firstly, to recognize the independence of civil society, secondly, to regulate the interventional limitation of state power and the ways of exercising power definitely.Nowadays, the idea of "harmonious society" and the essential in the civil society have the same view by coincidence. The construction of civil society is an important element and a key step to build a harmonious society, it can satisfied various demands of harmonious society from many aspects, including economic, political and cultural functions and so on.更多还原