浅论清末的狱政改良

【作者】 王勇；

【导师】 马建红；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 清末(1840—1911年)是我国监狱制度发展的一个转折时期。近代资产阶级进步的狱政思想和监狱理论的影响,开启了改良中国传统封建狱制的序幕,中国历史上也出现了第一部独立的监狱法典《大清监狱律草案》,这在我国监狱发展史上具有重大的意义。而清末的监狱立法和监狱管理制度乃直接为北洋军阀政府、国民党政府所继承和发展。 本论文共分五个部分。第一部分简要回顾了中国古代各主要历史时期监狱制度的特点,主要有:1.古代监狱制度是统治者进行阶级专政和压迫的工具,是以维护其王权与皇权为首要任务和目的;2.古代监狱是隶属于司法与行政官署的附属物;3.我国古代监狱制度的发展深受政治、经济发展的制约和影响;4.实行公开的不平等的监狱管理制度,维护奴隶制和封建等级特权;5.由于有辽、金、元等少数民族的统治和外国侵略者的入侵并广设监狱,从而使我国古代监狱制度在发展中渗透着深刻的民族性。第二部分论述清末监狱制度改良的历史背景,内容主要有:(一) 清末狱制延续了清朝封建狱制的腐朽和没落;(二) 司法主权的不断丧失对清末狱制的巨大冲击;(三) 影响清末狱制改良的思想因素,即西方的人权思想及对腐朽、残酷的狱制所产生的影响;(四)清廷以适应外国列强的侵略需要,以改良狱制为契机,维护与各列强的长久“和平”。第三部分是清末传统监狱思想的重大转变和面临的严峻挑战。主要内容有清末监狱改良思想的形成,以及资产阶级民主革命派对封建司法狱政制度的猛烈抨击。第四部分是重点介绍沈家本的监狱改良思想与主张。沈家本不仅是清末修律的主持人,而且在监狱改良上也作出了重大贡献。本部分主要介绍了他提出改良监狱理论的前提条件,其改良监狱的理论体系和主张。第五部分是清廷狱政改革的具体实践,主要包括:(一) 近代西方国家狱政改革的基本情况;(二) 清廷在监狱立法方面的实践;(三) 试办新型监狱的尝试;(四) 培养和储备监狱管理人才;(五) 简要评价。更多还原

【Abstract】 Final stage of Ching Dynasty (1840-1911) is a turning period for development of prison system of our country. The prologue to reforming Chinese traditional feudal prison system was opened under the influence of modern bourgeois progressive thoughts and theories. "Draft For Prison Law Of Ching Dynasty", the first independent prison code in Chinese history, has important meanings to prison development of China. The prison legislation and management system were directly inherited and developed by North-Ocean government and Kuomintang government.The article is divided into five parts. At the first part, I briefly review many characters of prison system in main historic periods. They are: 1 .antique prisons were used by governors to make oppression, and above all, to stand up for emperorship; 2.prisons in antique China were subordinate to administrative organs; 3.the development of prison system in antique China was conditioned by that of politics and economy; 4.unjust management system was persuited to assert slavery and feudal privileges; 5.on account of ruling of minorities and foreign invasion, deep nationalism permeated through the development of antique prison system of China. Secondly, I expound historic background of reformation of prison system in final stage of Ching Dynasty, including following contents: 1.prison system in final stage of Ching Dynasty continued rot and cruelty of feudal prison system; 2.following continuous loss of judicial sovereignty, the prison system of Ching Dynasty suffered serious pound; 3.the factors on thoughts that affected reformation of prison system in final stage of Ching Dynasty, including the thoughts on human rights in the west and their influence upon the rotten and cruel prison system; 4.to be adjusted to invasive need of capitalist great powers, Ching government regarded prison reformation as a chance to maintain long "peace" with the great powers. The third part is about the important transition on traditional prison thoughts of Ching, and serious challenges that the thoughts had to be confronted with. This part’s contents are about that the thoughts on prison reformation formed, and that the bourgeois democratic revolutionists violently lashed out feudal prisons and judicial system. At the fourth part, I putemphasis on introducing Shen Jianben’s thoughts and claim on prison reformation. Shen Jiaben was not only the presider at revision of laws, but also made great contribution to reforming prison system of Ching. At this part, I introduce the premise of his theories of prison reformation, his theory system and his claim. The last part is about Ching government’s concrete practice of prison reformation, mainly including: 1.basic circumstances of prison reformation in modern west countries; 2.Ching government’s practice of reformation on prison legislation; 3.tries at initiating new types of prison; 4.training and reserve of talent on prison management; 5.concise appraisal.更多还原