法律目的论

【作者】 周发财；

【导师】 左开大；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 本文旨在通过揭示目的论在法律及法学中的存在及其重要性,来论证对法律目的研究的必要性。文章分为三部分,第一部分通过分析建立在哲学本体论上的自然法的目的论,和康德的“目的论”向“合目的性”转向之后的法律中的目的理论,以及马克思法哲学对经济关系——法权——法律关系的阐述,说明了目的是法律的一个固有的、本质的要素。第二部分通过对法律史的回顾、整理和重新解释,从个人和非个人目的、伦理道德和非伦理道德目的两个角度重新阐释了法律目的理论的存在、变化和发展历程,并以此为根据,展望了法律的发展方向。第三部分从法律实践和法学实践两方面对法律目的的存在进行了论证,并阐述了法律目的与法律价值、法律目的与法律功能之间的关系,且分析了在当今法学研究中法律目的研究不受重视的理由和改变这一现状的必要。 第一个部分主要从两个方面,即自然法和目的理论论述在法律中目的论的存在。通过对自然主义自然法、普遍理性主义自然法、神学自然法和古典自然法学的分析,指出这几种自然法都是建立在相应的本体论基础上的,通过对目的论本身发展的探讨,并结合本体论和目的论指出了法律目的论存在的根源和归宿,并指出了这正是法与法律区分的原因和依据。通过对马克思法律思想的分析和探讨,指出在“经济关系——法权——法律”这一关系模式中,存在着法与法律的区别,法律是法权(法)的产物和表现,并最终以调整经济关系为目的。文章还认为,随着哲学本体论向认识论的转向,康德由“目的论”向“合目的性”的转变具有重大意义,它是现代法律理论中“意志论”的真正来源,并通过指出现代法律理论对“意志论”的不同程度的承认,从而指出目的在法律中的一贯存在。 第二部分通过对法律史的重新解释,从个人与非个人目的、伦理与非伦理目的两个角度论述了法律史中法律目的的存在、现状以及其发展变化。文章认为,在初民的法律,以及古希腊、古罗马和中世纪的法律中,法律的一个重要作用或说主要目的是维护社会的现状、稳定、秩序与和平,因为在这一阶段,暴力和无序对人类的存在和进步构成巨大的威胁,所以这一时期的法律是以社会为目的的,但是通过规范和调整个人行为达到这一目的的,即以社会为目的,以个人为手段。在近代法律中,自从近代的古更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject of this dissertation is to demonstrate the necessity of researching the end of law through disclosing the existence of teleology and it’s significance in law and jurisprudence. The dissertation is divided into three sections.The first section sets forth the existence of legal teleology by probing both natural law and the theory of end. Through analysis to the naturalism natural law, the general rationalism natural law, theological natural law and the classic natural law, the dissertation points out these natural laws are established on the base of relative ontology; through probe into the development of teleology and combination with ontology and teleology, the dissertation points out the originality and home of the theory of the end of law, which is just the accord and condition of discriminating right from law. After analyzing probing into Marx’s legal thought, the dissertation arrives at the conclusion that Marx deems right is different from law in the mode" economical relation—right in law—law", law is only the express and result of right in law, and it’s ultimate aim is to regulate economical relation. The dissertation still holds that with the transformation from philosophical ontology to the epistemology, Kant’s transformation from "teleology" to "purposiveness" is very important, which is the real recourse of "theory of will" in modern jurisprudence, all modern jurisprudences acknowledging the "theory of will" in certain extent embodies coherent existence of the end of law.The second dissertation discusses the existence, the condition and the development of the end of law in history of law from individual and non-individual, ethic and non-ethic angle by re-construing the history of law. The dissertation deems that in primitive society, ancient Greece, ancient Roman and Medieval, the major end of law is to maintain social existing conditions, stabilization, order and peace, because in this periodforce and disorder peril seriously the existence and progress of human being. So the end of law in this period is society, but reach the end by ruling and regulating individual behaviour. That is, society is the end and individual is the instrument. In modern, because of the transformation of philosophical base to individual, ration and will, through analysis to the classic natural jurisprudence, the utilitarianism jurisprudence, history jurisprudence and philosophical jurisprudence, the dissertation concludes that the modern end of law is to protect individual freedom as broadest ambit as possible, in spite of different road used. In this times, individual is the end and society is the instrument. The later jurisprudence, especially sociological jurisprudence rectify the excessive emphasis of individual, in contemporary law both individual and society are not only the instrument, but also the end. From ethic angle, natural iaw strains morality’s priority to law, holds law is only the stabilization of morality. Such condition haven’t been changed until the emerge of utilitarianism, utilitarianism think of the end of law is interests, but not morality. Positivism believes there isn’t necessary links between law and morality, and the research about the relation between law and morality belongs to the field of ethics or theory of legislation, but not jurisprudence. Contemporary jurisprudence adopt a promising attitude, holds law should regulate both morality and interests. In short, the author views the future law should involve both individual and society, both morality and interests, just as Mr JiangShan sayings, be the development from the law of human being to the law of inter-being.In the third section, the author demonstrates the importance of the research of the end of law through exploring the significant existence of the end of law in law and jurisprudence practice. After comparing the end and the value of law, the end and the function of law, the author draw a conclusion that the end of law is logically priority to the value and the function of law. Through analysis to legislation, execution of law, obey to law, the dissertation points out the important role of the end essence in the total course. Combining the above two parts, followingconclusion can be reached: jurisprudence research must pay more attentions to the research of the end of law and regard it as fundament of other research, we must alter the existing condition omitting the probe of the end of law.更多还原