【作者】 王亚红；

【导师】 宗兆锋； 车俊义；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 多年来随着关中灌区麦田化学除草剂的长期、大面积应用,麦田杂草群落和优势种群发生了变化,本研究主要进行了关中灌区麦田杂草的发生和优势种群的演变情况调查,分析了杂草群落演变原因,开展了施药器械和除草剂的田间试验,针对灌区杂草群落演变实际,进行综合防治技术研究,主要取得了以下结果: 1.明确了关中灌区麦田杂草的发生种类和危害优势种群。关中灌区小麦田杂草种类有17科37种,其中发生普遍、危害严重的优势种有播娘蒿、猪殃殃、蜡烛草、婆婆纳、荠菜、麦家公6种;并明确将播娘蒿、猪殃殃、繁缕、婆婆纳、蜡烛草、多花黑麦草、节节麦列为恶性杂草或区域性恶性杂草。 2.明确了关中灌区表田杂草的演变规律和演变原因。关中灌区麦田杂草的演变由二十世纪七十年代以猪殃殃、荠菜、播娘蒿、王不留行等阔叶种群危害为主,转化为以阔叶和禾本科杂草混生的种群,禾本科杂草中蜡烛草、节节麦、多花黑麦草等成为优势种群,危害明显加重。导致杂草优势种群演变的原因主要有引种频繁,单一除草剂的长期使用,单一的耕作制度和粗放的栽培措施的影响,除草剂使用技术方面存在的问题和农业综合措施的放松等5方面。 3.使用有扇形雾喷头的WS-16手动喷雾器喷洒除草剂,能显著提高麦田杂草的防除效果。WS-16手动喷雾器扇形雾喷头用于田间喷洒除草剂时药液附着率高,操作过程中无“跑、冒、滴、漏”现象,杂草防除效果明显优于传统的工农-16手动喷雾器切向离心式喷头的,田间作业时宜采用单侧平行推进法施药。 4.世玛、麦喜、麦田青、巨星等是防除关中灌区麦田杂草的有效药剂,且对小麦安全无药害,相同用药量下以冬前防除效果好于春季。 5.提出关中灌区麦田杂草综合防除策略及技术措施。针对关中灌区麦田杂草的演变规律和演变原因,提出对杂草的防除,应从生物与环境的整体出发,以清选种子,使用腐熟粪肥,清除田边杂草,合理耕作、密植,轮作倒茬等农业防除为基础,化学防除为主要手段,辅助人工拔除,综合运用农业、化学、检疫、人工等防除措施,建立杂草综合防除技术体系,把杂草危害控制在最低程度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The weed community and dominant species of wheat-field in Guanzhong irrigation area of Shaanxi province were diversification in recent years as a result of using chemical herbicides during long time in larger area. This paper dealing with the investigation for evolvement of the dominant species, the analysis of causation for the evolvement of the weed community, develop the field experiment for the herbicides and instruments and develop the integrated control technique for the dominant weed.1. The 37 species in the 17 family of the weeds is the harmful dominant species in wheat-field of Guanzhong irrigation field. There are six species of popular in distribution and serious in damage, including flixweed, burweed, Phleum paniculatum, procumbent speedwell, blind weed, corn gromwell, and the malignancy weeds including flixweed, burweed, chickweed, procumbent speedwell, candlegrass, annual ryegrass, Aegilops squarrosa.2. The disciplinarian and the reason for the evolvement of the weeds in the wheat field of Guanzhong irrigation area are definitude. The dominant species in 1970’s are mainly broad leaf weeds including blind weed, corn gromwell, catchweed, and in recent years are conjunct species of broad leaf and gramineous weeds including Phleum paniculatum, Aegilops squarrosa, annual ryegrass, etc. The main reasons for the evolvement of dominant species in weeds community are introduction of seeds frequently, use of unique herbicides long period, simple farming system and extensive culture practices, fallback in using technique of herbicides, and loosen in integrated measures of agriculture.3. The preventive effect for weeds in wheat field can be increased by using WS-16 hand sprayer with the spray head in sector, and owing to the high attachment of herbicides to weeds, without running, emitting, dripping and leaking during the operation.4. Mesosuifuron 、 Derby、 tribenuron-methy、 thifensulfuron-methyl are the effective herbicides for control the weeds of wheat field in Guanzhong irrigation field, and without the risk of damage to wheat. The control effect are better in winter than in next spring withthe same content of the herbicides.5. The strategy and technique measures for integrated control of wheat weeds in Guanzhong irrigation area are presented basing on the disciplinarian and the reason for the evolvement of wheat weeds. Considering the environment and the biotic population, the best strategy for control the wheat weeds in irrigation field are integrating the agriculture practices, chemical herbicides, plant quarantine, and manual work for decreasing the damage of wheat weeds below economic threshold.更多还原