【作者】 马晓红；

【导师】 李军；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 在了解我国水稻生产及节水灌溉现状、水稻栽培条件与节水灌溉技术、水稻控制灌溉技术的基础上,针对宁夏银川灌区的实际生产状况,在2002～2003年分别进行了水稻节水高产控制灌溉技术应用试验、盐碱地水稻控制灌溉技术适应性试验、控制灌溉水稻群体密度试验、氮肥基施施用方法试验、大田氮肥用量试验五个单因素随机区组试验,其目的在于通过各试验的结果和综合分析,探求在灌区自然条件和栽培技术水平下的灌水模式、指标体系、节水效果、简便且易掌握的灌水时间和灌水量判别方法;盐碱地水稻控制灌溉模式及其水盐动态规律;控灌条件下的最佳插植密度、最佳氮肥基施方法、最佳施氮量,为银川灌区水稻节水灌溉技术推广应用提供了理论依据。主要研究结果如下: 1.水稻控制灌溉技术可以在银川灌区推广应用。水稻控制灌溉实现了高产稳产基础上的再增产,平均实测产量、理论产量分别为9930 kg/hm~2、10987.5kg/hm~2,分别比常规灌溉的水稻增产5.3%、8.3%。控制灌溉技术可在水稻高产条件下大幅度节水,水稻全生育期(包括泡田水量)的田间灌水量平均为11875.5 m~3/hm~2,比常规节水33.7%。在水稻全生育期内控制灌溉的灌水次数减少12.2次,全生育期灌水定额减少6037.5m~3/hm~2。以理论产量、实打产量计,控制灌溉技术水稻的水分生产效率提高了56.6%、55.3%,灌溉水生产效率分别提高了66%、60.8%。 2.“控制灌溉”及“控制灌溉+间歇淋洗”较淹水灌溉的水稻节水71.4%、64.2%,节水效果显著。控制灌溉及控制灌溉+间歇淋洗的水稻产量高,水稻水分生产效率提高,分别为1.55kg/m~3、1.18 kg/m~3,灌溉水分生产效率分别为1.72 kg/m~3、1.29 kg/m~3。 3.在水稻不同生育阶段应用控制灌溉及控制灌溉+间歇淋洗的不同组合能够有效抑制盐分的积累,控制灌溉技术适用于盐碱耕地。“控制灌溉”模式适用于移栽前土壤初始含盐量小于0.3%的盐碱耕地;“控制灌溉+间歇淋洗”模式适用于移栽前土壤初始含盐量大于0.3%的盐碱耕地。 4.不同插植密度处理以插植规格为30cm×13cm、每穴3苗,即每公顷插更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on introduction of production of rice, the present situation of water-saving irrigation technology, the conditions of rice growth and the irrigation control technology of China, this article is aimed at the practical production of Yinchuan irrigated area. The water-saving and high-yield irrigation control technology experiment, irrigation control technology experiment on alkaline soil, rice planting density experiment under irrigation control technology, the methods of nitrogen fertilizing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer experiment were carried out during 2002 to 2003. With the comprehensive analysis of experiment results, the models and guidelines of irrigation, water-saving effect, and the distinguished method of irrigating date and amount under the natural resources and rice growth technology of the Yinchuan irrigation region were discussed. The method of rice irrigation in alkaline soil and the law of the soil water and salt dynamic, the best rice transplanting density, method and amount of nitrogen fertilizer under irrigation control technology were also analyzed. The results of the study have laid the theory foundation for rice production in Yinchuan irrigated area. The progresses of the study are as follows:1. The water control irrigation technology can be used widely in Yinchuan area, and can realize rice yield increase based on the high and sustainable rice output. The average harvest yield and theoretic yield can reach 9930.0 kg/ha and 10987.5 kg/ha respectively. The yield increase ratio compared to traditional irrigation technology is 5.3%, 8.3% respectively. It can save water greatly in the case of high yield. During the rice growth period, the average amount of irrigating water is 11875.5 m~3/ha. It can save irrigation water more than 33.7% compared with traditional irrigation technology; the times of irrigation can reduce down 12.2 times and the irrigating quota can reduce to 6037.5 m~3/ha during rice growth period. As calculation of theoretical yield and practical harvest yield, the water use efficiency increase 56.6%, 55.3% respectively, the irrigating water use efficiency increase 66.0%, 60.8% respectively.2. The method of water controlling irrigation technology and the method of "water controlling irrigation technology + intermittent leaching" can save water more 71.4%, 64.2% respectively compared to traditional irrigation technology. Theeffect of two water-saving irrigation technology is obvious and can improve the yield of rice, the water use efficiency of rice is 1.55 kg/m3,1.18 kg/ m3 respectively. The irrigating water use efficiency is 1.72 kg/m3,1.29 kg/ m3 respectively.3. During different growth stages of rice, the controlling irrigation can restrain the salt accumulation in soil. So irrigation control technology can be used in alkaline soil. The water controlling irrigation model is fit for the alkaline soil which salt amount in soil is less than 0.3% at the transplanting date. But the "water controlling irrigation technology + intermittent leaching" model is suit for the alkaline soil which salt amount in soil is more than 0.3% at rice transplanting date.4. Between the treatment of different densities of transplantation, transplanting standard is 30 cmX13 an, 3 plants per cave, that is to say ,the densities of transplantation is 76.5 thousand plants per ha, that is the best density when use irrigation control technology.5. The deep fertilizing in whole soil tillage layer is the best when use irrigation control technology, its yield increase more 5.5% than the surface fertilizing. The rice yield formation and relative factors of deep fertilizing in whole soil tillage layer is good for enhancement of rice output.6. With amount increase of nitrogen application, the highest total number of rice stem increase and its time occur early. The tillering number per plant increases with the promotion of nitrogen amount and the spike formation ratio of tiller per plant of the highest nitrogen apply treatment is the lowest one. With amount of nitrogen fertilizer in 150~225 kg/ha, the tillering number increase steadily. The rice population and single plant keep a good relationship. The highest total number of stem and harvesting spike are suitable. With the promotion of nitrogen fertilizer, the heading stage will delay and the plant is easy to fall down when too much nitrogen applied. The suitable amount of pure nitrogen is less than 225 kg/ha.7. The rice yield with different amount of pure nitrogen fertilizer show that the yield of treatment of 225 kg pure nitrogen per ha is the highest one. Referring to the yield formation factors, with amount of nitrogen increase, the harvesting spike number increase accordingly, and the length of spike get longer, the number of first branches and the second branches of spike, and grain number per spike increase. But when the nitrogen amount reach more than 225 kg/ha, the ratio of sterile grain of spike increase, grain number per spike, the filling grain number of spike and 1000-grain weight will get down. From the effect of marginal yield point of view, the rice yield increase with nitrogen amount increase in the range of 0~225 kg/ha. Inthe rang of 75 ~ 150 kg/ha, marginal yield increase greatly, but when the amount of nitrogen is more than 225 kg/ha , the yield of rice decrease. Considering the economic factors, the optimum amount of nitrogen is 217.35kg/ha, and the rice yield is 12505.95kg/ha.更多还原