【作者】 刘强；

【导师】 杨公社； 许春霞；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 陕南秦巴山区位于秦岭以南、巴山以北,属北亚热带气候,处于我国南北过渡地带,光、热、水资源充足,无霜期长,适于多于种牧草生长,具有建立人工草场,发展舍饲养羊的良好条件。 该区域有天然草地153万公顷,但人工草场比例小,建设水平低,加之地形地势复杂,山地坡度大,保水、保肥能力差:优良牧草品种少,缺乏相应栽培技术和饲草贮臧加工技术,产草量低,牧草供应季节性明显,造成了“春乏夏长秋肥冬瘦”的恶性循环,畜牧业生产水平低,经济效益不高。针对陕南秦巴山区这样一个现状,大力引进优良牧草品种,研究推广人工种草技术、饲料加工调制技术、舍饲养羊技术,实行草畜综合配套成为陕南秦巴山区草食畜牧业快速、持续发展关键。 为了解决制约陕南草业及养羊业发展的关键问题,示范推广种草养羊技术,于2002年依托中国秦巴扶贫世行贷款项目在陕南的商洛、安康、汉中三市十个世行项目县201个乡镇开展种草与舍饲养羊技术示范推广。经过3年的努力,建立科技示范户1100户,培训县乡技术骨干760人次,培训农民技术员,养羊大户1.2万人次,新建标准化圈舍1.2万间,15万平方米,新修青贮氨化池0.5万处、4.5万立方米。以人工种草、舍饲养羊为主的实用技术得到广泛普及应用,人工种草15.5万亩,平均亩产鲜草4496公斤,是天然草场的10倍。舍饲养羊0.6万户,饲养量达15万只,推广度达155%,推广速度达39%。三年累计生产杂交肉羊20万只,累计新增经济效益9763.5万元。 积极开展试验研究,总结适于秦巴山区推广的各项实用技术。引入优良牧草品种25个,初步筛选出适于这一区域推广的优良牧草品种12个,开展牧草栽培技术研究,其产量是天然草地的10倍,填补了我国秦巴山区在牧草研究方面的空白,为秦巴世行项目的实施,为退耕还草提供了有力的技术支撑。优良种羊的引进及杂交改良进一步提高了肉山羊产肉性能,布尔山羊、南江黄羊与陕南白山羊杂交,杂交一代生长速度较陕南白山羊分别提高55%、35%。 结合秦巴山区实际,研究探索适于贫困山区应用畜牧技术推广方法、坚持两个结合,建立或完善两套推广体系(模式)。两个结合即:政、技、物相结合,试验示范与推广相结合;两种模式是:一是依托传统推广体系,与世行体系相结合,建立分层管理、服务的目标责任制,形成的政府“引导型”;二是依托市场经济以企业为主体,形成“公司+农户”的“市场推动型”。 人工种草、舍饲养羊、林草结合、草畜配套有效缓解了林牧矛盾,促进了林牧、草畜的协调发展,解决了退耕还林的近期、远期效益之间的矛盾,实现了养羊业可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Qinba mountain area in the southern part of Shannxi province lies between the south of Qinling Mountain, and the north of Bashan mountain , belonging to the north subtropical climate zone, in the transition area of north and south of our country. Light, temperature, the water resource is sufficient, and frost-free period is long. It is suitable for growing all kinds of herb forage, establishing up the artificially sown pastures, and having good condition of raising goats in the shed.There are 1,530,000 hectares of natural rangeland in this area, but the proportion of artificially sown pastures is small, and the quality is also poor. In addition, topographical terrain complicated idle, the slope of mountain region is large, the consecution abilities of water and manure is poor; there are less fine varitypes of forage and no corresponding cultivation preservation, processing technology, the grass yield is low, and the supplies of forage to animalists of obviously seasonably. All these factors have caused the vicious circle that is " shortage in Spring, growing in Summer, flourishing in Autumn and barren in Winter", Which resulted the level of production of animal husbandry was low, and benefit of economy is low. Facing the current situation, introductions of the fine variety, research and popularization of the technologies of forage growing forage artificial, fodder processing and goats confinement raising are the key points of developing the husbandry continuously in the Qin Ba mountain area of Shaanxi province.In order to settle the main problems of restricting the development of raising goats and planting grass, demonstrating and popularizing the technologies of raising goats through planting grass artificially, Relied on China World Bank loan project and aiding poor project of Qin Ba mountain area, the technologies of planting grass and raising goats in the shed were carried out in the 201 villages and towns in the ten World Bank project counties among Shangluo, Ankang and Hanzhong areas. Through the efforts for 3 years, 1100 sci-tech model households were set to up, 760 person-times of technical backbone of county-township, the peasant technician and influential big sheep raising famityes and 12,000 person-time of had been trained of 12,000 rooms standardization shed with total area150,000 square meters, and 5000 of ammunition pool with 45,000 cubic meters had newly built. The practical technique of relying mainly on the fact that growing grass artificially, raising goats in the shed gets extensive popularization and application, growing grass 10333. 333 hectares artificially, and the yield per mu yield reached 4496 kilograms on average. The output was 10 times of the natural pasture. The family of raising goats in the shed reached 6,000 householders and the number of goat was up to 150,000 popularizingdegree has been up to 155%, the speed of popularization was up to 39%. 200,000 of the hybrid meat goat had been produced totally in four years, increasing economic benefits with an increaring of 97,635,000 yuan benefits totally.Launching experimental studies actively, that was suitable for Qin Ba mountain area to popularize. Summarizing practical techniques. Introducing 25 fine pieces of herbage. Selecting 12 fine pieces of herb suited for this area to populirize. Carrying out the research of planting herbage. The output was ten times of natural pasture. The project fills in our country’s blank of researching herbage in Qin Ba mountain area. Offering strong technical support for the implementation of the project of the World bank and conceding the land and returning grasses. The performance of meat goat’s production have improved further through introduction and hybridization of the fine species of goats. The growing speeds of the first generation of hybridization between Boer goat and the white goat in the southern parts of Shaanxi, and between Nanjiang yellow goat and the white goat were quicker than the white goat by 55% and 35%respectively.According to the situation in the QingBa mountain area, researchiong and exploring the methods of popularization of practical husbandry technologies that suitable for poor mountain area, Sticking to two combinations are the combination of politics, technology and product and the combination of popularization and example; Two sets of systems are: relying on the traditional system of popularzing, combing with system of Word Bank to set up the responsibility target of multi-layer administration—forming the type of government guide, rely on market economy and play the main roles of enterprise, forming the market promoting type of company plus peasantsGrowing grass artificially, raising goat in the shed, combining of forest and grass, forming complete sets of grass and livestock, all these alleviate the contridiction between forest and husbandly and bring about coordinated development in forest husbandry and solve the contradiction in recent and long-term benefits of the reforesting formerly cultivated land. Realizing the sustainable development of goat husbandry.更多还原