【作者】 石峰；

【导师】 谢惠民；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 水危机已是21 世纪影响我国农业可持续增长的第一制约因素。高效利用水资源,发展抗旱节水农业则是农业摆脱水危机的战略选择,而生物节水是节水农业技术的创新重点,抗旱育种技术的创新及水分利用效率的不断提高将是节水农业发展的必由之路。研究小麦品种的水分利用现状,探讨不同生态区现有品种水分利用效率的生理调控、遗传改良和群体适应特点,毫无疑问就成为抗旱节水新品种筛选与利用研究的突破点。由于抗旱节水品种受数量性状多基因控制,遗传基础复杂,其水分利用效率不仅与基因型、形态性状、生理生化反应和遗传表现有关,而且受缺水时期、强度和持续时间的影响,特别是具有品种生态类型的差异,使得抗旱节水与水分高效利用品种筛选鉴定技术的创新迫为重要,但目前还没有一套比较可靠和统一的方法与标准,尤其是生理生化性状的遗传研究还相当薄弱。本研究以我国北部黄淮旱地、关中灌区、渭北旱原、北京及陇东5 个麦区为主要品种生态类型,按照①当地目前主栽、②近2～3 年已通过国家或省级审定、③近1～2 年有希望获得省级以上审定、④育种单位新育苗头品系4 条原则,选择50 余个新品种(系),采用灌水2 次、灌水1 次(每次每亩60m3)和干旱雨养3 种水分处理田间试验,并结合人工限水干旱胁迫盆栽试验与实验室水分胁迫蛋白质测定等方法,以产量、抗旱系数、抗旱指数、WUE、旗叶光合速率、气孔导度、细胞内CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率、叶表面蒸汽压亏损、叶面积、旗叶冠层温度、叶表面温度及幼苗期、抽穗期干旱胁迫诱导蛋白差异等三类14 项指标为主要考察对象,利用相关理论对不同品种的产量、WUE、光合生理指标、干旱胁迫遗传差异及其相互间的关系进行了研究,希望揭示我国北部地区小麦新品种的水分利用现状及问题,探讨可用于育种实践的生理、遗传等选择鉴定指标或依据。共获得的结果: 1、在大田盆栽环境下对北部5 个生态区18 个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种进行水分胁迫和抽穗期SDS-PAGE 分析,结果表明,品种抗旱性的强弱可从蛋白电泳图的差异来判别。一般情况下,水分胁迫后产生的蛋白条带多于未被胁迫的条带,抗旱性的强的品种产生的差异性蛋白多于抗旱性弱的品种。水分胁迫以后,所有高抗、中抗品种都出现了更多还原

【Abstract】 The crisis of water has been the first factor in our country that influence the continuous development of agriculture 21 century..。..Making use of the resources of water efficiently, developing drought resistance and saving water agriculture are then the strategic choices which agriculture gets away from the crisis of water, but creature of saving water is the important creative point in the development of saving water agriculture technology. That creativity in the cultivate technology of drought-resistance species and the improvement on efficiency of using water is the only way by which the saving water agriculture develops.. That the study on the present conditions of different wheat species and physiology adjustment, inheritable improvement and characteristics of adaptation to community of efficiency of using water of present species in different ecological regions will no doubt become the breakthrough of choosing ,using and investigation of saving -water new species . Because the saving-water species controlled by the multi-gene of the quantity form with poor inheritable foundation, their efficiency of using water not only related with genotype , appearance, reaction of physiology and heredity expressing but also with period, strength and time lasting of the water shortage, especially, the difference of the species of ecosystem type make it more important that drought resistance and water saving and the creativity in technology of choosing species but now we have no a set of more dependable with united method and standard, especially, the physiology heredity living to turn the sex form research particularly is still very weak.. This research with different species in 5 Districts in north of our country-the Huanghuai dry land ,Guanzhong irrigation,Weibei dry land,Beijing dry land,Longdong dry land. according to ①the native land current Planting ②passing nation or province classes approval officially from 2 to3 years ③getting the hope of acquiring the province class to approve officially above in 1 or 2 years ④4 principles.in cultivate department about developing new species。.Choosing 50 new species( department), watering 2 times, watering 1 time( each time in eachM 60 m3s) and raining-3 kinds of water handles the in the field experiments .Combining the artificial limit water drought-resistance potted plant experiments with he protein measurement of laboratory drought resistance .with dry index number, WUE, ensign in dry coefficient, anti-in yield, anti-leaf’s light matches the velocity, pore degree, the density of CO2, the velocity of vapor, the surface of leaf steam press the deficiency, leaf’s area, the the layer temperature of leaf the surface temperature and young sprout the period, take out the heading period the drought coerces the inducement egg white the difference waits three kinds of 14 index is primarily investigate the object, make use of the related theories to different species of the yield, WUE, light matches the physiology the index sign, drought coerces inherit the difference and its mutually a humidity for of relation proceeding studying, hoping announcing to public our country new species in region wheat in north makes use of the present condition and problem, inquiring can used for teach grow the fulfillment of physiology heredity...etc. the choice authenticates the index sign or basis.…the results are as follows: Under farmland potted plant environment , 18 different drought-tolerant wheat cultivars were studied during heading by SDS-PAGE method, the result showed that the strong or weak of the species drought-resistance can be showed by SDS-PAGE。In general ,the protein stripe is more in drought-resistance specie than the non-induced ones, the strong drought resistance species reduced more protein stripes than the weak ones. After being drought-induced, all the best and better drought resistance species appeared the D different protein. All the sensitive species did not appear the different protein D This signified that under induced condition, the different drought -resistance species during heading period produced protein difference or polypeptide which mainly be expressed at D , that is to say the drought -resistance species which are drought –induced can produce the different protein D while the non-drought –resistance ones can not produce the protein. 2.After being drought –induced ,some proteins in leaf of species turned into the proteins with low molecular weight and polypeptide These difference in proteins with small molecular weight also reflect whether the quality of drought resistance of a specie during heading is strong or weakt.. 3.The study on efficiency of using water discovered that the average level of the efficiency of winter wheat species in the regions of north china is from 1.1816 kg/ m3.hm2 to1.1448kg/m3.hm2,the tallest level is 1.4913 kgs/ m3.hm2, compared with the report of tunliu in shanxi 15 year ago (1.03 kgs/ m3.hm2,1989), the average level increased from 11.1% to 14.7%, the tallest increased44.8%. 4.Through the analysis of relativity to the yield and the physiology index sign, discovering ensign leaf layer temperature, leaf surface temperature, leaf surface steam presses friendly bore in deficiency conduction a 4 physiology index sign is closely related with yield.5.Wether it is in the irrigation or drought , the light and physiology index sign to handles according to the water supply to the WUE influence, species type of different have the certain difference, hat layer temperature, leaf the surface temperature presses to loss in business with the steam at irrigate or rain keeps the term rain to have the more stable negative related effect with WUE, make use of WUE for the identifying species of the drought resistance and water saving bring the possibility. 6 Within the 45 species ,choosing out 11 ideal species of high yield and water saving ,including luoyou9505 、yan96266、hedong TX006、shijiazhuangNo.8、xiaoyan22、shan253、xinong9766、xinong1043、xinong797、and xinong143-1更多还原