【作者】 刘春芳；

【导师】 宋尚有； 樊廷录； 王勇；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 施肥是提高产量和水分利用效率的重要途径,也是改善品质的重要方面。本文结合“十五”国家重点科技攻关计划,在省农科院镇原旱地农业试验站开展了氮、磷、钾对小麦籽粒产量、品质和水分利用的影响研究,取得了以下主要结果1.施肥对小麦产量及产量构成因素有显著的影响。氮磷配合对产量有显著的提高作用,同时也增加了成穗数、穗粒数、粒重,使产量构成因素更加协调。NP、NPK 配合施用产量可达3067.2～3813.3kg/ha。但是单施K 肥对籽粒产量没有显著影响,P、PK、NK 处理的小麦产量较低,为1811.4～2812.5 kg/ha。单施N 处理的平均产量为2902.20 kg/ha,较不施肥处理提高了60.24%;单施P 处理的平均产量为2514.45 kg/ha, 较不施肥处理提高了38.81%。NP 配施处理的平均产量为3413.00 kg/ha,较单施N 处理平均产量提高了17.60%,较单施P 处理平均产量提高了35.74%。2.施肥对小麦营养品质和加工品质有明显的调控效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量随氮肥的增加而提高。NK 配施处理各品质指标均较高,但单施P、K 或只有PK 配合处理的各品质指标均较低,与不施肥处理没有显著差异。所有处理的蛋白质含量变异系数6.75%;赖氨酸含量变异系数5.96%;湿面筋含量变异系数11.91%;沉降值变异系数10.01%,施肥对加工品质有较大影响。3.施肥显著增加了小麦对土壤水分的利用,但肥料配合施用的效应高于单一施肥的效应。NP 配施有利于小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收和利用,肥料各处理与不施肥处理相比较,冬小麦的耗水量分别提高了8%-17.5%,但水分利用效率提高的幅度更大,为69.33%-110%。所有肥料处理的田间耗水量、产量、水分利用效率的变异系数依次为5.24%、20.06%、21.11%,即处理之间耗水量的变异系数明显小于产量和水分利用效率的变异系数。试验气候条件下,产量与耗水量、耗水量与水分利用率均无明显的相关关系,产量与水分利用相关显著,相关系数达到0.97。4.不同施肥处理功能小麦叶片光合特性不同。不施肥处理的Pn 最低,为13.456 CO₂umolm^-2s^-1,单施氮处理（N9）的Pn 为17.61 CO₂umolm^-2s^-1,较CK 提高了30.83%,单施磷处理（P₉）的Pn 为17.14 CO₂umolm^-2s^-1,较CK 提高了27.34%,但仍然低于NP 配合处理（N₉P₉）的Pn(18.583 CO₂umolm^-2s^-1)。并且,NP 配施可有效延长小麦花后叶片Pn 高值持续时间,显著提高花后小麦旗叶光合速率。单施P 处理（P₉）的叶片蒸腾速率Tr 为1.280 H₂O mmolm^-2s^-1,显著低于单施N 和NP 配施处理,NP 配合处理的Tr 最高,为1.861 H₂O更多还原

【Abstract】 Field experiment was conducted by split design in dryland of Zhen Yuan in the east of Gansu Province, to study different fertilizers effects on yield, quality, WUE(water using efficiency)and physiological index of noodle wheat variety. The results are as follows: 1. Fertilizations have significant influence on grain yield and yield factors. Combined applications of N and P particularly increased the grain yield, not only the ear numbers、the grain numbers and the gain weights but also the more harmonious yield factors. The average yields of combined applying N plus P, N plus P and K are 3067.2, 3813.3kg/ha respectively. While the only K application has no significant influence on yield. The grain yields are lower in the applications of P、P plus K and N plus K, which is between 1811.4 and 2812.5 kg/ha. Therefore, the key factor that promote yield is still N and P fertilization. 2. Fertilizations have significant effects on wheat nutrient quality and the processing quality. The application of nitrogenous fertilizer can increase the wheat quality. A significant increase in quality is obtained from N+K combined application but not from P、K and P+K applications which has little difference from no fertilization application. The CV of the protein, wet gluten, lysine content and SDS are 6.75%、11.91%、5.96% and 10.01% respectively in all treatments, so the effect of fertilization on processing quality is more significant than on nutrient quality. 3. Fertilization significantly increases the wheat water consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) and decreases the soil moisture in the wheat growth period. And the effect of combined application of N with P is greater than the single application of nitrogenous fertilizer or phosphorus fertilizer. Combined fertilization of N and P is good for wheat to absorb the water from deep soil. Compared with no nutrient treatment, water use efficiency (WUE) of NP combined fertilization increases by 8% to 17.5% and water consumption (ET) increases by 69.33% to 110%.On the basis of correlating analysis among yield, water consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE), the result shows that there is significant positive correlation between yield and WUE, with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, and poor correlations between yield and water consumption (ET), consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE). The CV of ET is lower than that of yield and water use efficiency (WUE). 4. The physiological characters of different fertilization are different. Compared with no nutrient treatment, the single application of nitrogenous fertilizer or P fertilizer can increase the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves. And the combined application of N with P is the most effective. The transpiration rate (Tr) of leaves of single application of P fertilizer is lower than that of single application of N fertilizer and combined application of N with P, which is 1.861 H2Ommolm-2s-1. 5. There are obviously positive correlations between crown temperature and yield or WUE. Therefore the crown temperature can be an index sign to forecast the grain yield and WUE in wheat production.更多还原