【作者】 韦子玲；

【导师】 谭肇毅；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 民国时期的广西多灾多难,除了遭受不断的战争、匪患之外,还遭受连绵不绝的的自然灾害.。日本发动侵华战争期间,日军两次入侵广西,长达两年之久,日军所到之处烧杀掳掠,无恶不作,所犯下的罪行,磬竹难书。在遭受日军的两次洗劫之后,正期待休养生息,重建家园的广西人民,不期然又连续遭遇水旱风虫各灾。民国时期,广西的自然灾害爆发频繁的原因,首先,广西由于地处亚热带,南临热带海洋,在季风的影响下,形成亚热带季风气候,这种气候具有气温高、降水多且在时空上分布又很不均匀等特点,容易造成旱灾水灾。其次近代以来人口的增长,尤其是清乾隆以后人口猛增,为扩大耕地面积,盲目毁林造田,结果导致自然生态环境的恶化,这是水旱灾频发的一个不可忽视的的原因。在这两个因素的作用下,广西的旱涝灾害连绵不断。频繁的自然灾害给社会带来巨大的伤害,人员伤亡、房屋倒塌、农业失收,甚至可以毁灭整个村庄、城镇。自然灾害还会衍生出一系列严重的社会问题,如滋生大量土匪,高利贷剥削更加沉重,饥民为了活命,铤而走险去偷盗抢劫,引发社会不安定。民国时期的广西人民,除了遭受连年不断的天灾,还遭受连绵不绝的战祸,尤其是日本帝国主义的两次入侵,给广西人民带来空前未有的大劫难。为稳定社会秩序,维护自己的统治,新桂系不得不采取措施进行救济救助,设置相应的赈灾救济机构。抗战前对灾民的救济,主要是采用赈粮、赈款、工赈、借贷、平籴、蠲免等方式进行,并开展一些防灾的举措,如建立仓储、兴办农田水利等。抗战时期,广西成为最先沦陷省区民众避难的落脚点,大批难民涌入广西,新桂系政府采取一系列措施救济难民,如设置难民临时收容所收容难民、开办难民工场、为难民介绍职业等,成立专门的儿童教养院等机构,战后又积极协助难民返乡。在战时十分困难的条件下,新桂系想方设法为难民提供力所能及的救济是值得肯定的。战后广西陷入空前未有的窘境中,省库空虚,财源枯竭,灾民遍地,水旱虫风各灾又接连不断。为了安抚人心,稳定社会秩序,新桂系对善后救济采取了比较积极的态度,除了成立善后救济总署广西分署主管全省善后救济业务,负责分配行总拨给广西的救济物质款项外,还向国内外、海外华侨呼吁、发动救灾运动,多方筹借救济款物。在广西当局的努力下,国内外、海外华侨纷纷向广西伸出援助之手。新桂系政府在严重灾情降临时,为维持统治秩序,缓和社会矛盾,采取措施,调剂社会上的一部分物质用于救灾,这对于部分灾民解决最更多还原

【Abstract】 Guangxi during the period of the Republic of China is calamitous, besides suffering constant war , banditry, natural calamity of the ones that still suffer in succession 。Japan launches it during the war of aggression against China, the Japanese aggressor troop invades Guangxi twice, for two years, Burn and kill pillaging in the place of arrival of Japanese aggressor troop, stop at no evil, the crimes committed, difficult book of single sonorous stone bamboo. Looking forward to rehabilitation after the ones that suffer the Japanese aggressor troop are looted twice, the people in Guangxi rebuilding one’s home, right by chance to encounter every calamity of wind worm of floods and droughts in succession.。During the period of the Republic of China, the frequent reason has broken out in the natural calamity of Guangxi, at first, because border on the tropical ocean in the south because of locating in the subtropical zone in Guangxi, under the influence of monsoon, form subtropical monsoon climate, the climate have temperature high , precipitation more and distribute getting even characteristic very on space-time, it is apt to cause the droughts floods. Secondly, population’s growth since modern times, especially population increases sharply after Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, in order to expand the cultivated area, destroy the forest and build up fields blindly, the result causes the deterioration of the natural ecological environment, reason of one that can’t be ignored taking place frequently in droughts that this is water. Under two function of factor these, drought of Guangxi suffer from waterlogging the calamity incessantly. The frequent natural calamity brings the enormous injury to society, casualties , house collapse , agriculture lose and accept , can even destroy the whole village , cities and towns . The natural calamity will also derive out a series of serious social concerns , such as causing a large number of bandits, it is heavier that the usury is exploited, the famine victim makes a desperate move to go and steals robing in order to earn a bare living , it is not stable to cause the society For civil order of stabilizing, maintain one’s own governance, the new department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has to take measures to administer relief to succour, set up corresponding relieving the people in stricken areas in the relief organization Relief in victim of the disaster in front of the war of resistance, is it relieve grain , relief fund , worker relieve , debit and credit sides , buy grains at official price to adopt mainly, Juan person who exempt way go on, launch some actions of taking precautions against natural calamities, for instance set up the storage , set up the irrigation and water conservancy . In period of war of resistance, Guangxi becomes the temporary lodging where the people of occupied province take refuge at first, large quantities of refugees pour in Guangxi, the government of new the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region department takes a series of measures to refugee relief, refugee’s temporary collecting post houses refugee, runs refugee’s workshop, awkward member of a nationality to introduce the job etc. such as setting up, establish such organizations as the special parental school ,etc., help refugees to return to the township actively after the war On terms that it is very difficult in wartime, new the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region department try every means awkward the people offer in power relief worthy to be definite Falling into the unprecedented awkward situation in Guangxi after the war, the provincial treasury is hollow , the financial is exhausted, victim of the disaster everywhere, floods and droughts worm wind every calamity also in rapid succession. In order to reassure and pacify the public, stabilize the civil order, the new laurel department has relieved and taken more positive attitude in dealing with problems arising from an accident, except is it is it relieve headquarters Guangxi divide into administration in charge of the whole province deal with problems arising from an accident business of relieving to deal with problems arising from an accident to establish, responsible for distributing walking outside the relief material fund that always sets aside to Guangxi, Still call upon, launch sports providing disaster relief to the domestic and international , overseas Chinese, obtain the relief fund thing in many ways. Under the efforts of the authorities of Guangxi, domestic and international, the overseas Chinese extend a helping hand to Guangxi one after another The government of new the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region department, while coming in serious disaster, in order to maintain governace the order, relax the social contradiction, taking measures, adjust some materials in the society and is used for providing disaster relief, this solves the problem that most urgent to some victims of the disaster , relax the disaster, play a certain role. But because the thing of money for relieving the people in stricken areas is very limited, and the victim of the disaster in need of immediate help and quite a lot, in addition, relieve the people in stricken areas in the course, engage in fraud for selfish ends the behavior grow thickly, there are very few relief fund things that the victim of the disaster got. Relieving the people in stricken areas and succouring, it is government’s due responsibility to administer poor and sympathize incompletly. But new government, department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, after period and war of resistance win, compel while fighting and famine due to crop failures frequent severe situation that people drift about aimlessly after the war in war of resistance just, is it set up some collecting post , relieve institute organization accommodate elderly person of no family to be incomplete and getting young to have just. Is it say as to new government , department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , local personage , public organization much more positive to come, they provide funds and set up some relief organizations, offer regular help to helpless the old,weak,sick and disabled person, grant the grain or raise the fund thing and relive the victimof the disaster during famine due to crop failures. But the restriction of ability , there are actually few targets who they can sue and labour . Finally, brief to summarize new the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region whether period Guangxi relieve the people in stricken areas historical experience that relieve and take precautions against natural calamities reference meaning of disaster relief work to today.更多还原