【作者】 周娜；

【导师】 欧阳健明；

【作者基本信息】 暨南大学 ， 无机化学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文的工作分为两部分,第一部分是选用与生物细胞膜结构较为相似的脂质体为模板,对尿石主要组分草酸钙（CaOxa）晶体的生长进行了体外模拟研究;第二部分是比较研究了结石患者和正常人尿液中的超细微粒在形貌、尺寸、分布以及聚集程度上的差异。 1.采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和激光散射等表征方法,研究了Ca²⁺/Oxa^2-摩尔比、CaOxa初始浓度以及卵磷脂（PC）浓度对脂质体中CaOxa结晶的影响。与水溶液中生成的CaOxa粒径（约1500nm）相比,脂质体中生成的CaOxa晶体粒径（约80～150nm）显著减小。当Ca²⁺/Oxa^2-摩尔比接近1.0时,二水草酸钙（COD）的质量百分数达到最大值。随脂质体中CaOxa初始浓度的增加,一水草酸钙（COM）质量百分数减小而COD质量百分数增大,且当c（CaOxa）>0.10mol/L时,COD质量百分数达到一恒定值。三水草酸钙（COT）只有在CaOxa浓度较低时才会形成。当PC浓度大于临界囊泡浓度（CVC）时,脂质体的形成有利于CaOxa晶体（020）晶面的取向生长。 2.在脂质体中研究了酒石酸抗衡阳离子对CaOxa结晶的影响。K₂tart和NaKtart只能诱导COM和COT生成;而H₂tart和Na₂tart除可诱导COM和COT生成外,还可诱导COD的生成。H₂tart和Na₂tart诱导生成的COD的最大摩尔百分数分别为55%和35%。H₂tart诱导COD生成的能力最强。在添加各酒石酸抗衡离子的体系中,无论是COM摩尔百分数（COM%）的减少还是COD%或COT%的增大均与脂质体中酒石酸抗衡阳离子摩尔浓度的对数的增加成线性关系。 3.在脂质体中研究了不同种类羧酸钠盐对CaOxa结晶的影响。相同条件下,不同种类羧酸钠盐抑制COM、诱导COD和COT成核与生长的能力顺序为:Na₃cit>Na₂edta>>Na₂tart>>NaAc。实验结果从理论上支持了临床上柠檬酸盐比EDTA盐和酒石酸盐具有较好疗效。 4.比较研究了结石患者和正常人尿液中的超细微粒在形貌、尺寸、分布以及聚集程度上的差异。正常人尿液中的粒子大都较为圆钝、且多为尺寸分布在100～350nm之间的单个晶体;而患者尿液中粒子的棱角较为尖锐,尺寸分布较不均匀,小的有100nm,大的超过1000nm,这些粒子容易发生聚集,从而导致结石形成的几率增大。本实验结果表明,采用物理化学的方法减小尿液中粒子的尺寸差异或许是有效防止结石形成的措施之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis includes two aspects. The first one investigated the growth of calcium oxalate (CaOxa) crystals in ordered liposome systems, the second one investigated the differentiations of urinary particles in morphology, size, distribution and aggregation between healthy persons and stone patients.1. Effect of the molar ratio of calcium to oxalate (Ca2+/Oxa2-), the original concentration of CaOxa [c(CaOxa)], the concentrations of lecithin (PC) on crystal growth of CaOxa in liposomes were investigated by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), microscope laser light scattering spectroscope and so on. The diameter of CaOxa crystals obtained in liposomes (80~150 nm) is smaller than that in bulk solutions (about 1500 nm). When the molar ratio of Ca2+/Oxa2- is nearly 1.0, the percentage of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) in CaOxa crystals reaches the maximum. As c(CaOxa) increases, the percentage of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) decreases but that of COD increases. The content of COD reaches a constant percentage when c(CaOxa)>0.10 mol/L. Calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) is obtained only at a very low CaOxa concentration of less than 0.01 mol/L. When the concentration of PC is above critical vesicle concentration (CVC), liposomes are formed and CaOxa crystals are grown with the (020) crystal plane oriented preferentially.2. Effect of tartrates with various counterions such as hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and a mixture of sodium and potassium cations on the crystallization of CaOxa in liposomes were investigated. For K2tart and NaKtart, only COM and COT are obtained. However, for H2tart and Na2tart, COD is first induced in the debt of COM, then COT is induced in the debt of COM and COD. The maximum percentages of COD are about 55 and 35% for H2tart and Na2tart, respectively, H2tart has the strongest ability to induce COD formation. Linear relationships are obtained between the decrease of the mole percent (mol%) of COM crystals, or the increase of mol% of COD or COT crystals and the increase of the logarithm of the molar concentration of the tartrates.3. Influence of multifunctional sodium carboxylates on the phase composition of CaOxa crystals grown in liposomes were investigated. At equal concentration of additives, the ability to suppress the nucleation and growth of COM and thereby to favor the nucleation and growth of COD and COT follows the order: Na3cit > Na2edta >> Na2tart>> NaAc.4. The differentiations in morphology, size, distribution and aggregation of ultrafine particles in urines of healthy human and stone patients were comparatively studied by using TEM, electron diffraction and microscope laser light scattering spectroscope. The morphology of ultrafine particles in urines of healthy human are round, their size are similar with the diameter less than 350 nm, so they exist stably. On the contrary, the morphology of particles in patient urines are sharp with the size change broadly from 100 nm to more than 1000 nm. These particles are easily aggregated, which makes the fatalness of stone formation increased. The results in this paper provide a new idea for preventing formation and recurrence of urinary calculi.更多还原