【作者】 张玉；

【导师】 郑有良； 魏育明；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 小麦赤霉病(Head Scab)主要是由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)引起的一种世界性病害。它不仅导致减产,还严重影响籽粒品质以及对人畜造成毒素危害。对赤霉病的病菌生理、发育规律以及抗性机理、基因效应等均进行了较深入的研究。目前,相对田间杀菌剂或生物防治,选育和利用抗病品种仍然是控制赤霉病最经济有效的手段。过去,生产中利用感病品种成功选育出抗赤霉病的万年2号、武麦1号和苏麦系列等品种,其抗性虽没有明显退化,但由于其农艺性状普遍较差,丰产和高抗之间已存在很大矛盾,已不能满足生产上的需要。当前缺乏新的高抗资源是制约我国抗赤霉病育种徘徊不前的主要原因。因此,创制和选育新的抗源成为当前紧迫任务。 本文对抗赤霉病地方品种小麦资源的品质和主要农艺性状表现进行了考察,并利用分子标记对其进行检测与鉴定,旨在了解抗赤霉病资源的遗传特性和各性状间的相关关系,为杂种后代选择和鉴定提供理论依据,期望通过合理的配套创新,选育出既高抗赤霉病又丰产,农艺性状和品质性状均优良的小麦新品种。主要结果如下: 1.22份小麦抗赤霉病地方品种农艺性状和品质性状分析与评价表明,供试材料千粒重平均34.1g;株高变幅为92～170cm;蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均分别为13.49%和37ml。少数材料个别性状表现突出,且材料间呈现较大的差异。参照中华人民共和国国家标准——优质强筋弱筋小麦标准(GB/T17892-1999),就单项指标而言,达优质一等强筋小麦标准的,蛋白质含量≥15.0%的有早芒麦、宁7840、光头麦和黄腊麦;湿面筋含量≥35.0%的有早芒麦、宁7840、光头麦和黄腊麦等:稳定时间≥10min的只有大头黄。综合农艺性状与品质性状,从这批抗赤霉病地方品种资源中,可以筛选出黄腊麦、白玉花和长芒麦农艺性状和品质性状都较优良的材料。 2.以22个抗赤霉病小麦地方品种为材料,分析了小麦籽粒品质与若干农艺性状的关系,以及农艺性状之间、品质性状之间的关系,结果表明:(1)株高除与沉淀值和干、湿面筋含量呈显著和极显著关系外,与其它品质性状几乎无关系。因此,可以在降低株高的同时,稳定和提高蛋更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat scab or Fusarium head blight (HFB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is one of the destructive disease in the world. It not only significantly reduces grain set and grain weight, but also effects grain quality. Severe, mycotoxin contamination of the seeds is harmful to humans and livestock. The physiology of germs, dispersion of pathogen, mechanism of resistance and gene effects have been widely investigated. At present, the utilization of resistant cultivars is the best way to control the disease. Wannian 2, Wumai 1 and Sumai were successfully developed from the progenies of susceptible genetypes. Though resistance to scab of these genetypes have not lost, the agronomic characters are inferior generally, and the high yield and high resistance to scab are contradictory. Lacking of high resistant genetic resources is main reason, which prevent hesitatingly on breeding for scab resistance. Thus, it is urgent for selecting the new resources.To estimate the genetic characters, and the relations between agronomic characters and quality characters, the grain quality and agronomic characters of wheat landrances with high resistance to scab were investigated, and the genetic variations were analyzed by using RAPD marker. 1. The agronomic and quality characters of 22 wheat landrances with high resistance to scab were evaluated. The average of 1000-grain weight was 34.1g. The plant heights ranged from 92cm-170cm. The average of protein content and wet gluten content were 13.49% and 37ml, respectively. On each character, there had some excellent accessions. Furthermore, higher genetic variations had been observed among the agronomic and quality characters. According to GB/T17892-1999, the protein content and the wet gluten content of Zaomangmai, Ning7840, Guangtoumai and Huanglamai were higher than 15.0%; the stability time of Datouhuang exceed 10 minutes. Three varieties, Huanglamai, Baiyuhua and Changmangmai, had good performances on agronomic and quality characters. 2. The relationships among kernel quality and agronomic characters were analyzed using 22 wheatlandrances with high resistance to scab. The results indicate that: (1) The plant height was related to sedimentation value, dry gluten content and wet gluten content at significant level, whereas it had no significant relationships to the other quality characters. Therefore, reducing the plant height and improving the protein content were not conflicted. (2) 1000-grain weight was negative correlated with protein content, wet gluten content and stability time. Though high yield and high quality were generally contradicted, the partial correlation coeffient of protein content and all the yield characters was not significant. These results indicated that it is possible for achieving high yield and high protein the same time. (3) The result, which protein content was not correlated with Farinograph characters at significant level, showed that the good nutritional quality could be increased with good processing quality. (4) The positive correlation between protein content and dry gluten content and wet gluten content was extremely significant. (5) Sedimentation value was significantly correlated with dry gluten content, wet gluten content, protein content and development time. It indicated that sedimentation value was compositive response of quality and amount of gluten, and could be regarded as effective method for selecting cultivars early.3. The genetic variation among 22 wheat landraces with resistant to head scab were estimated by RAPD markers. Fifty-seven arbitrary primers (10-mers) were used for the amplification of the genomic DNA, among which 48 primers (84.21%) could produce 222 bands. Forty-five out of 48 primers (93.75%) were polymorphic, resulting in 178 (80.18%) polymorphic bands. One to 11 polymorphic bands could be amplified from each primer, with an average of 4.6 bands. Some special RAPD bands were only detected in certain wheat landraces. The mean GD based on RAPD makers among the 22 landraces were 0.314, ranging from 0.152 to 0.471. Based on the GD matrix, a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). All the 22 scab-resistant wheat landraces could be distinguished by RAPD markers. Using the GD value of 0.33 as threshold, the 22 landraces could be clustered into 4 groups. It indicated that the genetic variation of the scab-resistant wheat landraces based on RAPD markers were correlated with the geographical distribution.更多还原