国家助学贷款的经济学分析

【作者】 叶长兵；

【导师】 昝廷全；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 金融学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 在当今全球高等教育财政紧缩的背景下,高等教育成本分担与成本补偿已被国际社会认同,推行以贷款为主的学生资助制度势在必行,而对我们这样一个高等教育资源非常稀缺的发展中国家来说尤为如此。因此,运用各种经济理论和方法对国家助学贷款制度进行深层次的分析和充分的论证,同时借鉴他国助学贷款的成功经验来完善我国的助学贷款制度,是亟需解决的理论和现实问题。 全文共分为四个部分。第一部分对我国国家助学贷款的基本概念及其外延进行了介绍。在我国,国家助学贷款是相对一般商业性贷款而言的,是指贷款人向借款人发放的由中央财政或地方财政贴息,用于借款人本人或其直系亲属、法定被监护人在国内高等学校就读全日制本、专科或研究生所需学杂费和生活费用的贷款。国家助学贷款是以资助经济困难的学生完成学业为目的的,既是商业银行的金融产品,又是政府的公共政策,具有商业性和政策性双重特征。自1999年试行以来,经过不断地发展和完善,一套包括出资人、贷款人以及贷款管理和风险管理等要素在内的国家助学贷款制度框架在我国已初步形成,并取得了广泛的社会效应。但是,我国的国家助学贷款制度还存在着诸多问题,科学地认识和解决这些问题决定着国家助学贷款能否广泛地、持续地发展下去。 第二部分运用多种经济理论从不同角度对国家助学贷款制度进行了分析。首先,从公共选择理论的角度来看,由于高等教育具有准公共物品性质,国家助学贷款也是一种准公共物品,是一项公共政策和公共选择的结果。运用卡尔多—希克斯补偿检验理论可以证明国家助学贷款政策能够形成一个潜在的帕雷托改善域;收益—成本分析也表明助学贷款这样的公共项目经常是一种有效的投资。这部分的分析为国家助学贷款制度提供了理论依据。其次,运用信息经济学分析范式中的S-W模型和信号传递模型进行分析,通过前者论证了非对称信息致使助学贷款市场存在多重均衡以及产生金融崩溃的可能性,指出政府干预能够改变均衡的性质进而提高助学贷款市场的效率;通过后者分析了国家助学贷款运行中信号传递的效率问题。这部分的分析揭示了国家助学贷款制度的微观基础。再次,运用古典经济学的局部均衡分析方法,将国家助学贷款看作一种金融服务产品,构建了其市场供给和需求函数。在此基础上对影响国家助学贷款市场供给和需求的主要因素进行分析,指出国家助学贷款供求失衡的主要原更多还原

【Abstract】 Owing to the global financial crisis of higher education, the concept of cost sharing and cost recovery of higher education was accepted by nations all over the world. It is a tendency for student loans to become the main mode to provide financial assistance to higher education, especially for China, which is a developing country with scare higher-education resource. Therefore, it is both a theoretical and practical problem to analysis National Student Loan System (hereafter abbreviated as "NSLS") applying different economic theories.The thesis consists of four parts. In part I ,basic information about NSLS is introduced. In China, compared with commercial loans, NSLS refers to loans used only for expenses a full-time college student costs in a domestic university, whose interest is government subsided. Aiming at helping students in bad financial situation to finish college education, NSLS has dual features both as a financial product and a public policy as well. NSLS was initiated in 1999 and constantly perfected since then and consequently a framework, including key items such as creditors, debtors, loan management, risk management and so on, was founded. NSLS has widely taken positive effects on Chinese society, but it still has many shortcomings and reasonable solution to them is the precondition of its sustainable development.In part II ,different economic theories are applied to analysis NSLS accordingly. First, from the perspective of public choice, higher education is regarded as merit pubic goods, so is NSLS. A potential Pareto improvement area can be found based on Kaldor-Xicx compensation-test theory. Also, cost-benefit analysis indicates that such public projects as NSLS are always paying. Secondly, S-W model is applied to analysis the multiple equilibrium of NSLS market caused by asymmetric information and the possibility of financial collapse. It is also pointed out that the efficiency of NSLS can be improved by the interference of government. Also, Signaling model is introduced to analysis the signaling efficiency of NSLS. Thirdly, Partial —equilibrium analysis is applied to constitute the supply and command function of NSLS, based on which main affection factors are studied and the conclusion shows that imbalanced stimuli to banks and students, together with inadequate supply of valid institution, is primary reasons for the imbalance between supply and demand of NSLS. Lastly, the Analytical framework of institutional economics isintroduced to illustrate the impact of institution supply on the efficiency of NSLS, and consequently the thesis focuses on institutional arrangement and institutional environment that are indispensable for the function of NSLS.Part III gives a comparative analysis of international advanced experience in NSLS with regard to loan design, loan origination, loan application, loan repayment, funding sources, law-making and regulation-making as well. Also, how to draw lessons from those experiences concerning domestic reality is put forth.Based on the above-given introduction and analysis, a group of policy proposals such as enhancing the responsibility of government, improving product design, perfecting institutional environment and so on, are brought forward in Part IV.更多还原