国有商业银行不良资产问题研究

【作者】 贾小宝；

【导师】 秦建伟；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 金融学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 国有商业银行不良资产是在我国由计划经济向市场经济转轨中形成的,其形成原因复杂多样,既有国有银行自身的原因,也有国有企业的原因,还有政府干预的因素,同时也受到宏观经济波动、金融监管等因素影响。在我国,由于长期受计划经济影响,横向信用关系基本被纵向信用关系所代替,无论银行、国有企业还是居民均相信政府会对其损失负责。在此情况下,社会资金源源不断流向国有商业银行,银行资金又在政府干预之下流入低效的国有企业,最终在国有商业银行内形成不良资产,这便是不良资产的形成机制。一方面,国有商业银行积累了大量的不良资产,另一方面,又面临着债权人的债务硬约束,从技术上而言,国有商业银行已经处于破产状态,其之所以还能保持稳定,关键在于在国家信用的隐性担保之下,社会资金仍在不断流入国有商业银行,暂时掩盖了不良资产问题,在即将面临国外金融机构全面竞争下,一旦社会资金流向发生重大变化,银行的流动性危机便会出现,进而可能引发大的银行危机,导致国民经济发展的重大挫折。因此,对待银行不良资产问题,不但要处置其存量,而且要打破其生成机制,只有这样才能达到标本兼治,才能彻底消除国有商业银行的历史包袱,真正实现其商业化运行,根除国民经济发展隐患。 处置存量不良资产,政府的行政手段在短期内固然十分必要、且有效,但长期看,存在许多弊端,只能充当市场化处置手段的辅助和补充,根本的解决途径应是利用市场化手段进行处置,建立有效的不良资产交易市场才是解决存量不良资产的长久之策,该市场同时也可有效处置再生的流量不良资产。不良资产交易市场与其他商品市场一样,由交易主体、交易客体和交易规则构成,但又有其特殊性,核心问题是不良资产是一种非标准化的高风险商品,买卖双方对于不良资产存在严重的信息不对称,不良资产处置的关键在于解决信息缺陷带来的风险,因此,交易主体的有效竞争和不良资产的信息披露对于构建完善的不良资产交易市场尤为重要。目前,我国不良资产交易市场处于寡头竞争状态,交易主体除了四家资产管理公司外仅有几家国外大投行,因此,要使交易主体有效竞争,首先要使资产管理公司向商业化转型,其次应积极培养其他市场交易主体。不良资产更多还原

【Abstract】 The non-performing assets (NPA) of state-owned commercial formed in our country during the period from planned economy to market economy, the reason is complicatedly and variously, such as the reasons of the state-owned bank , the state-owned enterprise , the government interference , economic fluctuation , and financial supervision ,etc. In our country, because of influencing by planned economy for a long time, the horizontal credit relationship is replaced by the vertical credit relationship basically; the bank, state-owned enterprise and residents all believe the government will be responsible for its loss. Under this situation, the social fund flows into the state-owned commercial bank continually, the bank fund flows into the poor efficiency state-owned enterprise under government interference, forming the non-performing assets in the state-owned commercial bank finally, it is a forming mechanism of non-performing assets, on one hand, the state-owned commercial bank has accumulated a large amount of non-performing assets, on the other hand, face debt require of creditor, state-owned commercial bank have been in bankrupt state, it can remain stable , the reason lies in under the circumstances that the national credit is assured , the social fund is still flowing into the state-run commercial bank constantly, the question of the non-performing assets was concealed temporarily, when facing foreign financial institution’s competing soon, once the great change takes place in the social funds flow, the mobile crisis of the bank will appear , and then may cause large bank crisis , cause the great setback of national economic development. So, treat the question of non-performing assets, not only should handle its stock, but break its forming mechanism , only in this way, treat both principal and secondary aspect of disease, could dispel the historical burden of the state-run commercial bank completely , really realize its commercialized running, eliminate the hidden danger of national economic development.Handling the non-performing assets of the stock, the government’s administration means are no doubt very essential, and valid in a short time, but there are a lot of drawbacks for a long time, it is the assisting and supplementing of the means for marketization, the basic settlement way is to utilize the market-based means, setting up effective NAP trade market is the permanent way to solves the of NPA. Meanwhile, this market can handle the recycled flow non-performing assets effectively. Like other commodity market, the trade market of the non-performing assets is formed by trade subject, trade object and trade rule, particularity, the question is that the non-performing assets is a kind of non- standardized risky goods, both parties deposit in serious information asymmetry tonon-performing assets, handling NPA, it is essential to solve risk of information defect, so effective competition and disclosure of information for structure perfect non-performing assets trade market particularly important. At present, non-performing assets trade market in oligarch competition state, there are only several foreign investment bank except four asset management companies, making trade subject effective competition, first asset management company should make the transition to commercialization, secondly should train other marketing subject actively. The disclosure of information of the non-performing assets depends on the perfection of the market rule and legal system environment.For taking precautions against the non-performing assets, must attend the formulation mechanism of the non-performing assets of our country, the more important thing is to break it, should from state-owned enterprise, bank, government and our country financial system, etc, establish the system of perfect precaution. Setting-up the modern enterprise system of state-owned enterprise, commercial bank shareholding system transformation control perfection and perfection, government of function of mechanism the key to breaking the non-performing assets and turning into the mechanism, in perfecting operating mechanism of enterprise and state-owned commercial bank, should standardize the relation between the government and state-owned enterprise (bank), defining the functional positioning of the government and market, at same time , taking precautions against the non-performing assets must perfect the financial system of our country , develop the capital market, reduce the financing risk of the bank , strengthen the bank , strengthen it and tackle risk ability.更多还原