【作者】 殷金玲；

【导师】 张宝宏；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 应用化学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 超级电容器是介于电池与传统电容器之间的一种新型的储能装置,由于它具有比功率高,循环性能好,可快速充电等优点,因此它可用作电子记忆电路等的轴助能源,玩具等小型电器的电源或脉冲电源,此外还可和蓄电池组合使用,作为电动车辆的驱动系统。 超级电容器按原理可分为双电层电容器和法拉第准电容器。其中电极材料和电解液都是影响超级电容器性能的主要因素。本文通过了循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒流充放电、X射线衍射、漏电流等测试方法,对超级电容器的电极材料活性炭、二氧化锰进行了研究,并且研究了超级电容器的水系电解液以及超级电容器与蓄电池联合的混合驱动系统模拟。 本文对活性炭电极进行了化学处理和Co修饰,结果表明:用65%的HNO₃和98%的H₂SO₄处理过的活性炭是良好的电极材料,性能都优于未处理的活性炭材料。Co修饰后的活性炭的电极具有双电层电容和法拉第准电容,容量明显提高,单电极在C:Co=13:1时比容量可达158.24F/g,其比容量比未修饰的高26.8%,用修饰后的活性炭组成电容器的循环性能较好,在1000次循环后比容量保持在91%以上。又采用四种不同的方法分别制备了MnO₂并且在MnO₂中掺杂CoOOH结果发现,直接掺杂CoOOH的MnO₂电极的电容性能较差。 本文通过对不同水系电解液进行一系列的测试研究,最终得到在盐类水系电解液中,（NH₄）₂SO₄溶液为最优电解液。同时,对其进行了不同添加剂的研究,得出在电解液（NH₄）₂SO₄中添加Li₂SO₄、Li₂CO₃都能够提高电容器的比容量,其中加入Li₂CO₃后提高的更明显,尤其对于混合电容器提高更大,并且当添加Li₂CO₃的量为0.368mol/L时,比容量达到最大值且循环性能好。并且通过对超级电容器/蓄电池混合驱动系统的模拟,发现不同安时的电池与超级电容器并联后,电池的放电时间都不同程度的增加了不少,使电池的寿命增加了。为混合电动汽车能源问题的研究打下了一定的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Supercapacitors are new energy storage components between batteries and electrostatic capacitors, which have higher power density and longer cycle life than batteries, and can be charged within a short time. They can be used as assistant power sources for electric components, power sources for small electrical equipments or pulse power sources. In addition, they can be used as driving system of electric vehicles with batteries.Supercapacitors can be classified electric double layer capacitors and pseudo-capacitors according to their working principles. Because electrode materials and electrolytes are important factors, we conducted a series of experiments to research on actived carbon, MnO₂, aqueous electrolytes, simulation of hybrid driving system with the aids of the measure methods such as cyclic voltammetric measurements（CV）, impedance spectrum, constant charge/ discharge measurements, X-rays diffraction（XRD）, leakage current, and so on.Firstly, actived carbon electrodes were actived by chemical methods and modified by Co²⁺. The result is that the performances of actived carbon actived by 65% HNO₃ or 98% H₂SO₄ are better than that of without disposition, and actived carbon electrode modified by Co²⁺ has electric double layer capacitors are enhanced, the capacitance of single electrode is 158.24F/g and is 26.8% higher than that of without modified when C:Co=13:1, and the capacitors of actived carbons modified by Co²⁺ have longer cycle life whose capacitance has been kept more than 91% after 1000 cycles. Secondly, we prepared MnO₂, by four methods and adulterated CoOOH into MO₂ power. The result is that the performance of the MnO₂ electrodes directly adulterated CoOOH is worse.Thirdly, we found （NH₄）₂SO₄ electrolytes is the best electrolyte for capacitors in the aqueous electrolytes according to a series of researches. The same time. Li₂SO₄ and Li₂CO₃ as additives were put into （NH₄）₂SO₄ electrolyte. The result is that Li₂SO₄ and Li₂CO₃ added into （NH₄）₂SO₄ electrolyte canimprove the capacitance, and the capacitance of adding U2CO3 is higher than that of adding U2SO4, especially for the hybrid electrochemical capacitors. When 0.368mol/L U2CO3 was added into (NH^SC^ electrolyte, the specific capacitance would be the highest and the capacitors had longer cycle life. Finally, when we used supercapacitors and batteries as the hybrid driving system, we found that the time of discharge for batteries was longer. This research will ground for the research on the power sources of hybrid electric vehicles.更多还原