【作者】 姜凌；

【导师】 王丹；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 语境是语用学研究中最重要的概念,在话语推理中有着重要的意义,它对话语意义理解与表达起着极为重要的作用。传统语境观几乎无所不包:语言知识、上下文、世界知识、文化背景、交际场景等,但传统语境有它的局限性。传统语境学忽视了语境的动态研究;传统语境学的概念过于宽泛,缺乏系统性;系统语境研究较难进行操作。虽然人们都生活在同一物理世界里,都具有从该环境里获取信息、知识的愿望,然而由于具体环境的差异、个人之间的认知能力的不同、推理能力的高低、不同经历形成的记忆上的差异等因素最终反映到个人关于世界、关于事物的认识会有或大或小的差异。 Sperber & Wilson指出语境即是在交际过程中互明的认知语境,“语境是心理产物,是听话者对世界的一系列假定中的一组,”并且指出:“正是这些假定,而非实际的客观世界制约着人们对话语的理解。”认知语境有许多特点,其中最显著的特点就是它的动态性。语言交流是一种依据思维原则或规律来进行的认知活动,语言的理解是一个互动过程。认知语境不是预设的,而是在理解推理的过程中逐步获得或激活的知识。认知语境的构建必须与语言的语义内容相联系。 根据关联理论,理解过程是一个动态过程,即交际者的认知和推理过程。在理解的过程中,说话者的话语刺激会激活听者头脑中的各种认知语境。听者会选择最佳关联的语境来帮助理解,即他会暂时构建一系列与话语最具关联的语境假设。因此语境随着交际的产生而产生。随着交际的进展,听者通过推理不断调整语境假设以取得与说话者意图的最佳关联。 认知语境观从认知的角度动态地研究语境,标志着意义研究从静态转向动态,认知语境观揭示了语义推理的认知心理理据和心理状态,理解话语是一个“认知—推理”的动态过程。本文阐述了认知语境的特点,通过具体语言现象分析了认知语境在话语理解中的重要作用。 随着近年来大学英语教学改革的不断深入,很多从事大学英语教学的教师都在探更多还原

【Abstract】 Context is the most important concept in pragmatic study, and has great significance in deduction of discourse; it plays a vital role in understanding and expression of discourse meaning. Traditional context almost includes all factors: language knowledge, co-text, knowledge of the world, cultural background, communicative situation, etc. Traditional context ignores dynamic study of context; concept of traditional context is too broad and lacks system; systematic contextual study is operated difficultly. Therefore, although people live in the same physical world and have their desires to get information and knowledge from the environment, because difference of specific environments, difference of cognitive capacity among individuals, deducing capacity, memories due to different experience, etc. reflects the individual difference on the world and matter.Sperber & Wilson point out that context is cognitive context of reciprocal understanding in intercourse. They think: " Context is a product of psychology and is one of groups that listeners make the world assumed," and " It is these assumptions, but not practical objective world that restrict people’s understanding of discourse." Cognitive context has many features; the most obvious one is its dynamics. Communication of language is a kind of cognitive activity that depends on the principles of thought and regulars; understanding of language is a process of interaction. Cognitive context isn’t presupposed, but knowledge that comes to obtain and be stimulated in the process of understanding inference. The construction of cognitive context must, connect with semantic context of language.According to relevance theory, understanding process is a dynamic process, which is the cognitive and inferential process of communicators. During the process, speaker’s stimulation of discourse makes cognitive context of minds in listeners active. Speakers can choose the context of the best relevance to help understand, that is that he can temporarily construct a series of contextual assumptions related to the discourse that has the best relevance. Therefore,context depends on the production of communication. With the development of communication, listeners continually emphasize the contextual assumption to get the best relevance related to speakers’ purpose by inference.Attitude towards cognitive context studies context dynamically in the view of cognition, which symbolizes the meaningful research transformed from static to dynamic. Cognitive context reveals the foundation and state of cognitive psychology of semantic inference; understanding is a dynamic process of "cognition—inference". This article expressed the features of cognitive context, and analyzes the important role that cognitive context plays in understanding of discourse through specific phenomena of language.With the development of reform of College English, many teachers engaging in college English have explored new approach to classroom teaching to change the situation that theoretical study isn’t combined with practical application. The paper explains that cognition and context play an important role in classroom teaching of foreign language, based on the theory of cognition and context. Combining with real situation of teaching of College English, applying cognitive context can change students’ attitude to English study, improve interest of students’ studying English, finally it can effectively improve teaching quality of College English and perfect appearance of College English.I will discuss context according to following six parts. In Part I, I will simply introduce context, its background and the purpose of the paper. In Part II, studies of context from foreign scholars and domestic linguists are made an overview. In Part III, I analyze contextual dynamics and its features. In Part IV, according to relevance, I attempt to analyze cognitive way of study of context including construction of cognitive context, features of cognitive context, analysis of macro and micro cognitive context, etc. In Part V, I combine cognitive context with foreign language teaching, discuss its role that context, especially cognitive context, plays in foreign language teaching. At last, I will draw a conclusion according to my understanding of context.更多还原