【作者】 蒋跃平；

【导师】 常杰； 葛滢；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 植物学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 人工湿地作为一种新型的水处理生态技术,具有许多特有的优点,已经在的许多国家被广泛应用。本文进行了亚热带地区人工湿地植物功能多样性研究。以位于杭州植物园的一个复合垂直流人工湿地为实验地,研究了人工湿地中植物的生物学特性及其景观功能、植物对氮磷去除的贡献、植物的光合特性、植物的根际微生物和土壤酶活性,同时也分析了复合垂直流人工湿地的污水净化效果。 复合垂直流人工湿地对低浓度景观水体具有良好的净化效果,其出水的NH₄-N、NO₃-N、TP、COD、BOD等多数指标达到或接近国家地面水标准（GB3838-2002）的1类水标准:湿地运行后,在不进行换水的条件下,观鱼池内水质能保持良好的状态,且其附近地下水环境已得到改善,玉泉的泉水得到恢复。同时,人工湿地还具有显著的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。 本研究的人工湿地处理系统中配置了26种植物。共涉及到13个科;除了垂柳属于乔木外,其余都是草本:除了菰、水烛和黄菖蒲是水生植物外,其它都属于中生或湿生植物。根据高度可以将26种植物分为4个级别。从植物的生长期观察,可以将植物分为冬春植物、春夏植物、夏秋植物、常绿植物及半常绿植物。人工湿地中12种植物的根深在12.33-38.67 cm之间,根系生物量在36.49-284.14 gm^-2之间,且大部分植物的根系生物量集中在0～10 cm层。 17种在人工湿地中生长良好的植物稳定生长105天以后,其平均总生物量在155—1317 g m^-2之间,除了鸭跖草的地上地下生物量比（A/U）为20.5外,其余都在1.18-4.29之间。植株地上部N和P的浓度分别在10.99～34.74 mg g^-1和0.59-3.81 mg g^-1之间;地下部N和P浓度分别在6.2-29.50 mg^-1及0.72～3.83 mg^-1之间。大部分植物地上部N和P的浓度大于地下部（p<0.05）。植物的N、P积累量分别在2.10-24.48 g m^-2和0.23-1.95 g m^-2之间。在处理轻度富营养化水的人工湿地中,植物吸收对氮磷的去除起着主要作用——贡献率分别为46.8%和51.0%。植物的氮磷积累量与浓度及生物量之间均存在显著相关,所以可以采用生物量为指标选择人工湿地植物。 研究测定了人工湿地下行池和上行池中11种植物的光合作用。结果显示,羊蹄、黄菖蒲、鸢尾和接骨草只适合在下行池生长,而紫露草、水芹、鸭跖草、吉祥草、黑麦草、线穗苔草和紫堇在两个池中都能生长,其中水芹更偏向于上行池。鸢尾、鸭跖草、吉祥草和紫堇具有很强的耐荫性.适合在荫蔽环境下生长;羊蹄、黄菖蒲和接骨草应该属于喜光的阳生植物:紫露草、水芹、黑麦草和线穗苔草应该能适应多种光照环境。 人工湿地中18种植物的根际细菌、真菌、放线菌、氮化细菌、反硝化细菌和磷细菌数量分别在1.08×10⁶～24.65×10⁶、1.07×10⁴～31.69×10⁴、0.87×10⁵～7.30x l0⁵、2.40×10⁶～27.64×10⁶、0.34x 10⁴～25.15×10⁴、0.59×10⁵～33.39×10⁵ cfu/g干土之间。不同植物根际微生物与作为对照的非根际土壤相比,其数量一般都高于对照,说明大部分植物都有明显的根际效应。细菌数量较高的是荻的根区,真菌数量较高的是荻、斑茅和菖蒲,放线菌数量较高的是吉祥草、黄菖蒲和鸢尾:5个物种的氨化细菌数量较高,2个物种的反硝化细菌数量较高,8个物种的磷细菌数量较高。一般来说,这些具有较高不同微生物群落的植物,就会具有相应较高的功能。更多还原

【Abstract】 Constructed wetlands are a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment, and have consequently been widely applied for water quality amelioration. An integrated vertical flow constructed wetland was built in Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Provinec, China, to purify eutrophic water from Jade fish-seeing pond. In this paper, we studied the biological characteristics of the plants growing in this wetland and their landscape function, nutrient removal role of plants, photosynthesis of plants, rhizosphere microbe and soil enzymatic activity of plants, and purification efficiency and benefit of this constructed wetland.Integrated vertical flow constructed wetland had good purification performance and benefits for low eutrophic sightseeing water. Most indexes of its effluent reached or near the first class standard of Chinese surface water （GB3838-2002）, such as NH₄-N、 NO₃-N、 TP、 COD、BOD, etc. During operation of the constructed wetland, water quality in fish chamber could remain good status without changing water. And the operation of wetland also greatly reduced the underground water demand in the area, elevated the underground water level and restored the flow of the dried Jade Springs. Furthermore, this constructed wetland could bring great economic, ecological and social benefits.Plants are an important component of constructed wetland. This wetland system mainly collocated 26 species, belonged to 13 families. All plants were herbage, excepted Salix babylonica, which was arbor. Excepted Zizania caduciflora, Typha augustifolia and Iris psendacorus were hydrophytes, the other plants were mesophytes or wet-enduring plants. Based on height, these plants could be divided into 4 levels. Based on the growth period of plants, these plants could be divided into 5 types. The root depth of 12 species in constructed wetland was between 12.33 and 38.67 cm. The root biomass of these species was between 36.49 and 284.14 g m^-2 , and mostly centralized in the layer of 0¹0 cm.Through 105 days, mean total biomass ranged from 155 to 1317 g m^-2 for 17 plants. Except for Commelina communis, above /belowground biomass ratios of plants varied between 1.18 and 4.29. Aboveground concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus ranged from 10.99 to 34.74 mg g^-1 and from 0.59 to 3.81 mg g^-1, respectively. Belowground concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus ranged from 6.20 to 29.50 mg g^-1 and from 0.72 to 3.83 mg g^-1, respectively. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus between above and belowground biomass differed significantly （p<0.05）. Plant accumulations of nitrogen and phosphorus ranged from 2.10 to 24.48 g m^-2 and from 0.23 to 1.95 g m^-2, respectively. The results showed that plant uptake played a major role in nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this constructed wetland treating low eutrophic water. Its contribution was 46.8% and 51.0%, respectively. Plant accumulations of nitrogen and phosphorus displayed significant positive linear correlation to plant biomass and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. So plant species for constructed wetland can be selected by biomass.This paper studied the photosynthetic characteristics of 11 plants in down-flow chamber andup-flow chamber of constructed wetland. The results showed that, Rumex japonicus, Iris pseudacorus, Iris tectorum and Sambucus chinensis were only suitable to the down-flow chamber. Tradescantia virginiana, Oenanthe javanica, Commelina communis, Reineckia cornea, Lolium perenne, Carex nemostachys and Corydalis edulis were suitable to the both chamber, and Oenanthe javanica was partial to the up-flow chamber. Iris tectorum, Commelina communis, Reineckia carnea and Corydalis edulis had strong shade tolerance; Rumex japonicus, Iris pseudacorus and Sambucus chinensis were sun plants; Tradescantia virginiana, Oenanthe javanica, Lolium perenne and Carex nemostachys were suitable to multiform light environment.The rhizosphere microbe of 18 plants in constructed wetland were determined, and the results showed that the rhizosphere bacteria, fungus, actionmycetes, ammonifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, phosphorus bacteria were 1.08 X106 24.65 X106,1.07 X 104³1.69 X104,0.87 X 105⁷.30 X105, 2.40X106²7.64X106, 0.34X104²5.15X 104 and 0.59X 105³3.39X 10s cfu/g dry soil, respectively. The rhizosphere microbe of most plants was higher than the control. It proved that most plants had obvious rhizosphere effect. Miscanthus sacchariflorus had higher bacteria amount. Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Saccharum arundinaceum and Acorus calamus had higher fungus amount. Reineckia carnea, Iris pseudacorus and Iris tectorum had higher actionmycetes amount. Five plants had higher ammonifying bacteria amount, two plants had higher denitrifying bacteria amount, and eight plants had higher phosphorus bacteria amount. In general, the plants which had higher amount of special rhizosphere microbe have higher function.The rhizosphere soil enzyme activity of 18 plants in constructed wetland were determined, and the results showed that the enzyme activity of catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkali phosphatase and protease were 0.10-0.41 ml g"^ 8.26-306.31 ug g1 d"1 ^ 3.38-68.14 ug g"1 h"1 ^ 0.43-33.78 ug g"1 h’1 ^P 1.08-65.70 ug g"1 d^\ respectively. Coix lacryma-jobi, Acorus calamus and Miscanthus sacchariflorus had higher catalase activity. The urease activity of Miscanthus floridulus and Sambucus chinensis were higher. Miscanthus floridulus, Saccharum arundinaceum, Reineckia carnea, Sambucus chinensis and Colocasia esculenta had higher acid phosphatase, and Sambucus chinensis, Miscanthus floridulus, Reineckia carnea, Iris tectorum, Colocasia esculenta and Canna indica had higher alkali phosphatase. The protease activity of Arundo donax and Arundo donax var.versicolor were obvious higher.The whole study analyzed the plant functional diversity in constructed wetland, confirmed the plant functional group, choosed the plant species which adapted to different constructed wetlands, and provided reference for plant collocating model. This study established the theoretical basis of botany for new constructed wetland, and also provided reference for treating environment with constructed wetland.更多还原