当代中国中产阶层研究

【作者】 贾可好；

【导师】 仝祥顺；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 当人类社会跨入21 世纪的时候,我国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的新的发展阶段。这是整个现代化进程中一个非常关键的阶段,也是经济社会结构将发生深刻变化的重要阶段。就社会阶层结构而言,以拥有庞大的中产阶层为根本特征的现代社会阶层结构是一个国家的现代化中最为本质的层面,而这样一个阶层恰恰是中国社会目前所不具备的。因此,党的十六大报告提出,要“扩大中等收入者比重”,说明党和政府已经注意到我国社会阶层结构转型的滞后,开始寻求培育中国的中产阶层。然而,“中产阶层”对中国这样一个传统社会无疑是陌生的,如何培育中国的中产阶层,更是需要着力研究的课题。本文“汇百家之说而自成一学”,在综合学术界众多名家研究成果的基础上,通过自己的调查和思考,提出了自己的观点和见解。文章共分为导言、中产阶层崛起的必然性分析、中产阶层崛起对全面建设小康社会的意义、中产阶层的发展现状分析、加速中产阶层成长的主要制约因素及对策和结语六部分。本文认为,中产阶层是指市场经济社会中,以中等程度地占有社会资源为根本特征,实际受教育程度达到本国中等教育水平以上,从事脑力劳动或高技能体力劳动,具有自由、民主、开放意识及较好的思想道德修养,消费能力较强的人群。目前,中国中产阶层主要包括新兴的民营科技企业的创业人员和技术人员、受聘于外资企业的管理技术人员、个体户、私营企业主、中介组织的从业人员、自由职业人员,以及原体制下转化而来的国家公务员、高校和科研院所的教学研究人员、国有集体企业管理技术人员、垄断行业从业人员等十部分人。 无产者变成有产者是人类历史发展的必然趋势。中产阶级崛起,成为社会结构的主流,是现代社会的必然现象。从中国社会的发展方向来看,邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观成为指导当代中国发展的旗帜,中国的市场经济之路不可撼动,中国的社会流动机制日趋健全和公共领域的出现,这些都决定了中国中产阶层的崛起是必然的。中国中产阶层的崛起对全面建设小康社会具有特殊重要的意义:中产阶层崛起有利于推动社会结构转型,保持社会稳定;中产阶层崛起有利于维持消费性社会,实现经济持续增长;中产阶层崛起有利于推进民主政治,建设社会主义政治文明;中产阶层崛起有利于加快文化产业的发展,建设社会主义精神文明。中国中产阶层的诞生经历着两条道路:“内发式”和“外引式”。从中国中产阶层的构成来看,在改革开放的早期,出现了特殊的“精英循环”现象,然而很快就被“精英再生”现象所取代。在当代中国,知识和技能的重要性与日俱增,使得拥有知识和技能的高素质人才可以轻松跨入中产阶层的门槛。现阶段中国中更多还原

【Abstract】 As human society entered the 21st century, our country started a new phase ofdevelopment for building a well-off society in an all-round way and speeding upsocialist modernization. This is a crucial stage in the whole course of modernizationas well as an important stage in which great changes will take place in thesocioeconomic formation. As to the structure of social stratum, the structure of socialstratum in the modern society, which is mainly made up of the middle class, is themost essential aspect in the modernization of a country, which is just what Chinalacks for the time being. Therefore, in the report of 16th National Congress ofCommunist Party of China, it is proposed that the proportion of medium-sized incomestratum should be expanded, which indicates that the Party and the government havealready noticed that the transformation of the structure of social stratum is laggedbehind and they have begun to train up China’s middle class. However, the “middleclass”is undoubtedly a strange topic to a traditional society such like China and howto train up China’s middle class is a subject which calls for special efforts to study.Based on the synthesis of numerous scholars’research results in the academia, Iput forward my own points of view and understanding through investigation andthinking. This thesis is divided into six parts, namely, the introduction, the analysis ofthe inevitability of the middle class’upsurge, the significance of the middle class’upsurge on building a well-off society in an all-round way, the analysis of the currentsituation of the development of the middle class, the restriction factors andcountermeasures to accelerate the growth of the middle class and the conclusion.It is held in this thesis that the middle class refers to people who have acomparatively strong consuming capacity. Their fundamental feature is that theypossess social resources moderately in the society of market economy and the actualschooling they received is above the average education in the country. They areengaged in the mental labor or highly skilled manual labor and they have free,democratic and open ideas and good cultivation of ethic thought. At present, China’smiddle class is mainly made up of ten groups of people, including newly-emergedentrepreneurs and technical personnel employed by non-public scientific andtechnological enterprises, managerial and technical staff employed byoverseas-funded enterprises, the self-employed, private entrepreneurs, employees inintermediaries, free-lance professionals, and the civil servants, the teachers andresearchers in the universities and scientific research institutions, managerial andtechnical staff employed by the state-owned and collective enterprises, employees inmonopoly industries, which transformed from the original system, etc. That proletarians become men of property is an inevitable trend in thedevelopment of human history. It is an inevitable phenomenon of the modern societythat the middle class emerges and becomes the mainstream of the social structure.According to the direction of development of the Chinese society, Deng XiaopingTheory, the important thoughts of “Three Represents”and the scientific concept ofdevelopment become flags guiding the development in present-day China. The roadof China’s market economy cannot be shaken, China’s social flow mechanism isbecoming sounder and the public field has appeared. All of the above facts havedetermined the upsurge of China’s middle class is inevitable. The upsurge of China’s middle class is especially of great significance tobuilding the well-off society in an all-round way. Firstly, it will help to promote thetransformation of the social structure and maintain social stability. Secondly, it willhelp to support the consumptive society and realize the sustained economic growth.Thirdly, it will help to develop democratic politics and establish socialist politicalcivilization. Fourthly, it will help to speed up the development of cultural industry andestablish socialist spiritual civilization. The birth of China’s middle class followed two roads: one is “born in the civlland”and the other is "introduced from foreign countries". According to the formationof China’s middle class, in the early days of the reform and opening-up, thereappeared the special “elite circulation”which was soon replaced by the phenomenonof “elite reproduction”. In present-day China, the importance of knowledge and skillgrows with each passing day, which makes the high-quality talents, who ownknowledge and skill, easily turn into the middle class. At present, China’s middleclass have comparatively conspicuous characteristics. Firstly, China’s middle classhave already appeared, though the scale is still small at present, yet they grow rapidly.Secondly, China’s middle class possess comparatively distinct characteristics. Thirdly,the evolution from the old middle class to the new one is with obvious Chinesecharacteristics. Fourthly, the composition of China’s middle class takes on the featureof multi-division, which makes the cognition of the stratum relatively hard. Lastly, theculture of the middle class has already appeared, yet it is still in its initial stage. Seen from both the theoretical aspect and the international experience, or seenfrom the social flow in present-day China, the change of systems all has a remarkable更多还原