【作者】 辛良杰；

【导师】 张祖陆；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 湖泊湿地作为多种自然资源来源和人类污染物的集中排放区,生态系统普遍受损程度严重,合理开发和科学管理湖泊难度较大。作为山东地区最大的淡水湖泊,南水北调东线工程主要调蓄枢纽之一,南四湖在维护经济发展和区域生态平衡方面,具有重大的战略意义。但自上世纪80 年代以来,南四湖湿地面积萎缩,水质污染、底泥淤积严重,生物多样性减少,像北五湖一样,正在逐步消亡。对生态环境中最敏感因子——水进行量化分折和研究,给湿地生态系统、环境留出自身健康发展所需水量,重视经济发展与生态环境的用水竞争,意义重大,影响深远。本文基于山东省自然科学基金项目(Y2004E01)“南四湖流域生态环境需水量及水资源安全研究”赞助完成,是我国东部地区首次单个湖泊湿地的生态环境需水研究。论文在分析了南四湖湿地生态环境,特别是水文特征演化过程的基础上,分项计算了南四湖湿地的生态环境需水量。研究的主要内容如下:(1) 对国内外生态环境需水量和湖泊、湿地生态环境需水量研究进展进行了较为详细的总结:生态环境需水量研究普遍分为两部分:生态需水量和环境需水量。生态需水量是为解决生态问题(主要是保护生物多样性和生态安全)所需要的水量.环境需水量是专门为解决环境问题(稀释污染物、娱乐、景观用水等)所需要的水量。在当前研究中计算湖泊生态环境需水量的方法主要有换水周期法、最小水位法、水量平衡法和功能法,以功能法应用最为广泛。(2)目前南四湖生态环境从整体趋势上看南四湖生态环境正处于逐步恶化的过程,并且此过程有加速的趋势,整个湖泊已经进入老年期;通过对近50 年来南四湖水文特征的演变趋势分析可知,南四湖湿地生态环境恶化原因可归结为自然因素和人为因素两种,近年来气候总体趋于干旱,降水量以42.54mm/10a 的速率递减,而围湖开垦、泥沙淤积、河流上游建坝屯水日益严重,使近年来南四湖蓄水量减少,特别是80 年代末、21 世纪初两次干涸,使得南四湖生态系统遭受了毁灭性打击。(3)通过RS 技术对近20 年来南四湖湿地景观格局演变分析可知,1987～2000 年,南四湖湿地面积减少了17300.35hm2,占2000 年湿地总面积的4.96%,特别是草地、水域等湿地类型减少趋势较快,而林地、居民点、岛屿庄台面积均呈增加趋势。南四湖湿地的景观多样性呈下降趋势,破碎化程度随着湿地面积的减小和斑块数量的增加,其破碎化程度呈现增加趋势,表明人类干扰强度加重,其直接后果是湿地内部生物多样性的减少,生态系统呈现不可逆转的负向发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a confluent area of natural and man-made pollutant, Laky wetlands have beendamnified and the ecosystems are destroyed by the lack and pollution of water.It is urgent tosolve the balance of water distribution between society,economy and ecosystem.As the largestlake of Shandong area, Nansihu lake has a strategic significance because of its locating on theEast Route Project of South to North Water Transfer.But water pollution, sullage deposition,diversity decrease of species are becoming severe since the 80th decade.One day Nansihu willdisappear as Beiwuhu Lake.Luckily,people pay more and more importance to the protection and logical usage of thebio-diversity of Nansihu wetland.Water, the most sensitive factor in the regional sustainabledevelopment,must be studied quantificationally and detailedly.The new methods to solve thecalculation of water requirement should be found so that we can make the concerteddevelopment of econmy,society and eco-environment.The author takes part in the projectsponsored by natural science fund of Shandong Province(Y2004E01),the study of and watersafety of Nansihu basin,which makes the first research on the calculation of theeco-environmental water requirement in Shandong area.The conclutions are as follows:(1)Today,the eco-environmental water requirement consists of two segments:ecologicalwater,and environmental water requirement which accounts for the environmentalproblems.The main calculating methods are composed of the exchanging water cyclemethod,minimum water level method,water quantity balance method and ecological functionsmethod, especially the last one is the most popular.The study of Water requirement mostlyfocuses on the optimum and the minimum water requirement.(2)The eco-environment of Nansihu Lake steps down currently,and the whole lake hasentered into the old age.Based on the hydrological analysis of the last 50 years and ecologicalanalysis from 1987 to 2000,the deterioration comes from two factors:natural andartifical,precipitation reduction by 42.54mm/10a, land reclamation around the lake, sullageaggradation and upriver water blocking cut down the quantity in the lake,especially in the late80th decade and the early 21th century,the ecological system undergos two destructive blowsowing to the dryup of the lake.更多还原