【作者】 董振华；

【导师】 王美芳；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 儿童青少年社会认知的发展是一个从不成熟到逐渐成熟的过程,他们在与他人的交往中,逐渐认识到他人的内部心理特征对其行为的重要作用,进而认识到人格特质具有跨时间跨情境的稳定性,这种认识使他们在社会交往中通常对他人行为作出特质归因,当这种归因过程成为习惯性的,便会在无意识的情况下自然发生,即产生自发特质推理。因此,青少年行为归因的发展和自发特质推理之间的关系是非常密切的,国外心理学研究者对这两个方面进行了大量的实证研究和理论探讨。本文首先对国外关于儿童青少年行为归因的发展、自发特质推理的发生及其两者之间的关系等方面的研究成果和理论观点及研究方法进行了较为详尽系统的阐述,同时对该领域研究中所存在的问题进行了分析。在此基础上,确定了本研究的目的,并进行了两项研究。研究一采用问卷法考察8—19 岁儿童青少年行为归因的发展趋势及其影响因素,并考察了他们在行为归因中内部归因的分布趋势。研究二采用再认探测程序对8—19 岁儿童青少年的自发特质推理的发展趋势进行系统探讨,然后采用积差相关对儿童青少年行为归因和自发特质推理之间的关系进行考察。上述两项研究的结果表明: 1 随着年龄的增长,儿童青少年对一致和不一致行为会作出不同的归因。8 岁组儿童更多对一致和不一致行为作出内部归因,11 岁组儿童更倾向于对一致和不一致行为作出外部归因,而大学生则倾向于对一致行为作出内部归因,对不一致行为作出外部归因。2 儿童青少年都能够进行人格特质归因。从总体上看,随着年龄的增长,儿童青少年会逐渐从依据内部心理愿望到依据稳定的人格特质归因陌生行为者的行为。3 儿童青少年对陌生人行为更易作出内部归因,对熟悉人行为更易作出外部归因。相对于积极行为,儿童青少年更倾向于对熟悉人和陌生人消极行为作出内部归因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social cognition of children and adolescents was from juvenility to maturity, they knew the important role of internal psychological characteristics for others’behavior gradually during communicating with others, and then knew personality traits implying the cross-situational consistency or temporal stability, so trait attribution occured frequently in social interaction. When the attribution became habitual, it could happen unconsciously, and occured spontaneous trait inference. The development of children and adolescents’behavior attribution and spontaneous trait inference were two relatively separate, yet closely related research topics. A large body of research, both empirical and theoretical, had been conducted by psychologists outside China. In the present thesis, a comprehensive literature review was made with regard to the important empirical findings, theoretical explanations as well as the research methodology in the area, e.g., the development of children and adolescents’behavior attribution, the occurrence of spontaneous trait inference and the relationship between them. Further analyses were focused on the limitations existing in the prior research. On the basis of these facets, two related studies were presented following the purposes set forth in this research. In study 1, the development of 8-, 11-and 19-year-old children and adolescents’behavior attribution and factors of influence were investigated by questionnaire. The detail categories of internal attribution children and adolescents used in explanation and their developmental trend were further examined. In study 2, the developmental trend and characteristics of 8-, 11-and 19-year-old children and adolescents’spontaneous trait inference were explored systematically by recognition probe method, and then Pearson correlation was employed to examine the relations between children and adolescents’behavior attribution and spontaneous trait inference. The main findings in the above two studies were as follows: 1. With age, children and adolescents could make different attribution for the consistent and inconsistent behaviors. 8-year-old children were inclined to make internal更多还原