【作者】 李海兵；

【导师】 邓名瑛；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 黄宗羲是明末清初的思想家,与同时代的王夫之、顾炎武并称为“清初三大家”。他亲身经历了明末政治黑暗、清兵入关南下和明王朝灭亡的全过程。黄宗羲曾积极投身于武装抗清活动,坚持斗争长达八年之久,但终以失败告终。抗清斗争失败之后,他和当时许多汉族知识分子一样,开始从思想文化层面探讨明亡的原因。宋明理学长期以来是官方哲学,在思想文化上居于统治地位,理学内部又分为程朱派和陆王派。他们都标榜自己是“圣学” (孔孟之学)正脉,即直承孔孟的正统儒学,而儒学,在传统知识分子心目中乃为治国平天下之学。但是,为什么号称圣学之正脉的程朱之学和陆王之学均未能挽救明朝灭亡的命运呢?通过反思,黄宗羲认为这是“圣学不明”的结果。这就意味着黄宗羲必须对程朱之学和陆王包括王门后学的本体学说进行检讨,重建儒学本体论,并在此基础上展开为相应的工夫论,这一工作的展开就是学术史的工作。黄宗羲通过对有明学术的评述,重新构建了哲学本体论思想,简单说来就是“主宰不在流行之外,流行而有条理者”。黄宗羲由此主宰与流行的辨证统一关系进一步上升至“生生之仁”的道德层面,提出社会生活的各个方面都应遵循着“流行而不失其序”的事物本然存在。这样,他就把哲学本体论运用到政治领域,从而为他提出各种合理的政治制度提供了哲学理论基础,因此说,黄氏的哲学本体论是其政治哲学的基础。他又认为人“各得自私、各得自利”这一人性论是符合“流行而不失其序”的真实之存在,因此,各项政治制度的实施都应该满足人的自私自利,在此人性论基础上,黄宗羲提出了许多具有民主启蒙意义的政治思想。更多还原

【Abstract】 Huang-Zongxi was a thinker during the early Qing-Dynasty and the later Ming-Dynasty .He is known as one of "The Three Great Thinkers in the early Qing-Dynasty" with Wang-FuZhi、 Gu-YanWu at that time. He experienced the whole course of the political ruthlessness of the Ming-Dynasty , Qing’s troop going down south and the extinct of the Ming-Dynasty. Huang-Zongxi had threw himself into the arm activity against the Qing-Dynasty actively and insisted on struggle for eight years, which finished in failure in the end. After that, like a lot of others intellectuals of the Han nationality at that time, he began to probe into the reason of the Ming-Dynasty extinct from the ideology and culture aspects. The Song-Ming New-Confucianism had been the official philosophy for long time, and occupied the dominant position on ideology and culture field. The New-Confucianism was divided into the Chengzhu Group and the Luwang Group, both of whom brag about themselves "holy to study"(the theory of Kong-Mong) and inherited the orthodox Confucianism of Kong-Meng directly . In the traditional intellectuals mind, the Confucianism was the doctrine of administrating countries and running society, but why didn’t the doctrine of Chengzhu and Luwang known as the orthodox doctrine of Kong-Mong save the Ming-Dynasty destiny of being extinct? Through introspecting, Huang-Zongxi thought that it was the result of "Shengxuebuming (the unidentified holy theory)". Which means that Huang-Zongxi should make a criticism to the ontology of Chengzhu and Luwang, including the late WangXue, structure the ontology of the Confucianism again, launch the corresponding Gongfu theory on this basis, which is the academic history work. By analyzing WangXue, Huang-Zongxi structured the new ontology ,which was "dominance is not outside popularirty, it prevails with orders". Huang-Zongxi promoted it into the moral aspects of "Shengshengzhiren", and更多还原