【作者】 金丽；

【导师】 张耀光；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 动物学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 2003年10月—2004年10月,采用循环灌注和血管铸型技术以及组织学、组织化学方法并配合扫描电镜、透射电镜技术对长吻鮠心血管系统和血细胞类型、结构及其发生进行了研究,结果表明: 长吻鮠心血管系统结构与其他鱼类基本相同,但也有自身的特点:有一般鱼类所不具有的颈动脉膨大和脊髓下动脉。颈动脉膨大是颈外动脉的一部分,呈两端尖细,中部突出,背腹扁平的长梭形,组织学特征显示可分为管道和结构复杂的实体两部分,推测其有调节血压等功能。进一步研究发现,颈动脉膨大为鲿科鱼类所特有。脊髓下动脉位于脊髓腹面,来自颈内动脉,有营养脊髓的作用。 光镜下长吻鮠外周血中可区分出红细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,未见嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。红细胞数量最多,其次是血栓细胞和淋巴细胞,单核细胞和中性粒细胞相当,数量最少。还发现幼稚红细胞、正在直接分裂的红细胞、处于不同阶段的解体红细胞和“核影”红细胞。红细胞的直接分裂是细胞衰老的一种形式,红细胞衰老过程中体积的减小有利于吞噬细胞对最后残余物质的清除。根据核的形状和细胞质着色情况,中性粒细胞可分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型。单核细胞核肾形或不规则椭圆形,约占整个细胞的三分之一到二分之一,胞质中常可见大小不等的空泡。淋巴细胞核质比较大,核约占整个细胞二分之一以上,有大、小淋巴细胞两种类型。血栓细胞可分为圆形或椭圆形、纺锤形、蝌蚪形和长棒状四种形态并存在类似于红细胞的直接分裂现象。 电镜下,红细胞长梭形,一般见不到细胞器,个别可见有少量线粒体。小淋巴细胞有细长的伪足样突起,大淋巴细胞内质网丰富。单核细胞内有较多的溶酶体样颗粒。中性粒细胞表面有短而钝的伪足样突起,颗粒有三种类型。 长吻鮠血细胞发生的主要器官是头肾、肾脏、脾脏。红细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞主要在肾脏和头肾中发生,其次是脾脏。而单核细胞则主要在肾脏和脾脏中发生,头肾中也有少量单核细胞产生。肝脏中无原始型血细胞,可能不是其造血器官。在上述造血器官中未观察到血栓细胞的发育过程。 红细胞的发育大致经过了原红细胞、早幼红细胞、晚幼红细胞、红细胞四个发育阶段。在发育成熟过程中,其胞体体积经历了由大到小,由小到大再变小的“两大两小”发育过程。粒细胞在发育成熟过程中形态变化较大,经历了原粒细胞、早更多还原

【Abstract】 From October, 2003 to October, 2004, the morphological and histological structure of the circulatory system of Leiocassis longirostris was studied using intravascular injection and vascular casting technique and by means of histology and histochemistry. The hematocyte and hematopoiesis were also studied. The peripheral blood cells were observed under the light microscope and transmission electron microscope to study the microstructure and ultrastructure. Also the erythrocyte was observed under the scanning electron microscope. The results suggest:The structure of the circulatory system of Leiocassis longirostris is similar to the others. But it has its particular characters: having carotid enlargement and subspinal arteries. The carotid enlargement is a part of external carotid artery. It likes a shuttle, which projects in middle part and tapers in two end. Its histological structure characters show that it is composed of conduit part and substantiality part. Maybe the carotid enlargement has a function of adjusting blood pressure. After further research, we find that having carotid enlargement is a proprietary character of Bagridae. The subspinal artery, which provides nourishment for spinal cord, lies under the spinal cord and comes from internal carotid artery.Examination of the Wright-Giemsa’s stained smears of peripheral blood has revealed the following five major cell types: erythrocyte, neutrophilic granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte. Eosinophilic granulocyte and basophilic granulocyte aren’t found in peripheral blood smears. Among these cells the erythrocyte is the most abundant. The thrombocyte and the lymphocyte are the most abundant leucocytes. Monocyte is as much as the neutrophilic granulocyte and is the least encounted leucocyte. In addition, the immature, dividing, dissolved and "nuclear shadow" erythrocytes are also found. The dividing erythrocyte ( bilobed erythrocyte ) is a form of senescence. The bilobed morphology marks the process of apoptosis. The volume’s reduction of erythrocyte during apoptosis process facilitates the disposal of end phases by phagocytosis. According to the shape of nucleus and the color of cytoplasm, the neutrophilic granulcytes are further classified into three types. The monocyte has a reniform or irregularly oval nucleus,which occupy from thirty percent to fifty percent of the cell. Some monocytes have vacuoles in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm to nucleus surface ratio of lymphocyte is larger than one. By the size, the lymphocytes are devided into two types: large lymphocyte and small lymphocyte. Thrombocyte is always irregularly round to oval, tadpole-shaped and spindle-shaped, and also the dividing thrombocytes are found.Observed under the transmission electron microscope, erythrocyte, which is shuttle-shaped, has rarely organelles and some mitochondria can be found in it occasionally. The small lymphocyte is characterized by its long pseudopodia and the large lymphocyte processed abundant of endoplasmic reticulum. Some granules, which like lysosome, are seen in monocyte. Neutrophilic granulocyte is recognized by its many specific granules, and these granules have three types. Neutrophilic granulocyte has pseudopodia also but shorter than those of small lymphocyte.The blood smears of hematopoietic organs are observed under the light microscopy, and the result shows that the head kidney, body kidney and spleen are the principal hematopoietic organs. Erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes develop mainly in head kidney and body kidney, and some of them are developed in spleen. While most of monocytes develop in kidney and spleen, some of them in head kidney. No primitive blood cells are seen in liver smears, so liver isn’t a hematopoietic organ probably.The erythroid lineage consists of proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, acidophilic erythroblast and erythrocyte. During maturation of the erythroid cells, two directions of trends in size are distinguished: two decreasing and one increasing. Due to the great changes of granulood cells in maturation, the granuloid lineages are devided into five stages: granuloblast, young granulocyte, progranulocyte, metagranulocyte and granulocyte. During the maturation of granuloid cells, the size of cells is from large to small. The peripheral blood is the final place for their development. Maybe the bilobed granulocytes are the old granulocytes; it is to say that the splitting of nucleus is a sign of becoming senile. The development of lymphoid cells is similar to its of monocytoid cells. They experienced three stages respectively: lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, lymphocte and monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte. The size of these two kinds of cells become small from large regularly. Macrophages develop from monocyte and they have phagocytosis.更多还原